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Bio 5A Lecture > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration And Fermentation > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration And Fermentation Flashcards

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1
Q

Catabolic pathways yield energy by _____ organic fuels

A

Oxidizing

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2
Q

Define Fermentation

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

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3
Q

Define Aerobic Respiration

A

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.

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4
Q

Define Cellular Respiration

A

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.

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5
Q

Define Redox Reactions

A

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

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6
Q

Define Oxidation

A

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

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7
Q

Define Reduction

A

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.

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8
Q

Define Reducing Agent

A

The electron donor in a redox reaction; the reducing agent gets OXIDIZED.

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9
Q

Define Oxidizing Agent

A

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction; oxidizing agents get REDUCED.

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10
Q

Define NAD+

A

The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept electrons, becoming NADH. NADH temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration.

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11
Q

Define NADH

A

The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide that temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration. NADH acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain.

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12
Q

How does NAD+ trap electrons from glucose and other organic molecules in food?

A

Enzymes called dehydrogenase remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from the substrate (glucose, in this example), thereby oxidizing it. The enzyme delivers 2 electrons along with 1 proton to its coenzyme, NAD+, forming NADH. The other proton is released as a hydrogen ion into the surrounding solution.

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13
Q

Define Electron Transport Chains

A

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

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14
Q

What is the summary during cellular respiration?

A

Glucose —-> NADH —-> Electron Transport Chain —-> O2. GNE-O

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15
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis-Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle-Oxidative Phosphorylation. GPO

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16
Q

Define Glycolysis

A

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.

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17
Q

Define Citric Acid Cycle

A

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytoskeleton of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration.

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18
Q

Define Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

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19
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost _____ of the ATP generated by respiration.

A

90%

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20
Q

Define Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

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21
Q

Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing _____ to _____.

A

Glucose-Pyruvate

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22
Q

After pyruvate is oxidized, the _____ completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules.

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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23
Q

Does pyruvate enter the mitochondria with active transport or passive transport?

A

Active

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24
Q

Define Acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.

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25
Q

Coenzyme A is a _____ containing compound derived from _____.

A

Sulfur-Containing; Vitamin B

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26
Q

What is the high potential energy stored in Acetyl CoA used for?

A

It is used to transfer the Acetyl group to a molecule in the citric acid cycle, a highly EXERGONIC reaction.

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27
Q

How many CO2 molecules are produced per each cycle of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 CO2; two carbons from the Acetyl-CoA enter the citric acid cycle and two CO2 are released.

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28
Q

In each cycle of glycolysis, how many pyruvate molecules are produced?

A

2

28
Q

In each cycle of glycolysis, how many pyruvate molecules are produced?

A

2

29
Q

How much ATP is produced per citric acid cycle?

A

2

30
Q

What are the other names for the citric acid cycle?

A

Tricarboxyllic Acid Cycle-Krebs Cycle

31
Q

Instead of the production of ATP, what is another possibility that can occur as a result of the citric acid cycle?

A

Production of GTP (guanosine triphosphate); it is simular in structure and function to ATP

32
Q

What is the total yield for the citric acid cycle per molecule of glucose?

A

6NADH-2 FADH2- 2 ATP. 6-2-2

33
Q

Where are all the citric acid cycle enzymes located (all but 1)? Where is the one remaining enzyme located?

A

All the citric acid cycle enzymes are located in the mitochondrial matrix except for the enzyme that catalyzes step 6, which resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

34
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, _____ couples electron transport to ATP synthesis.

A

Chemiosmosis.

35
Q

Where are the electron transport chains located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

In eukaryotes, they are located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria; in prokaryotes, they are located inside the plasma membrane.

36
Q

What are the main components of electron transport chains?

A

Proteins that exist in multiprotein complexes, numbered 1 through 4; bound to these proteins are things called prosthetic groups, non-protein components such as coenzymes and cofactors that are sentías for the catalytic function of certain enzymes.

37
Q

As electrons are moved down the electron transport chain, what happens to the free energy relative to O2?

A

The free energy decreases with the downwards progression of the electrons.

38
Q

Most of the remaining electron carries between ubiquinone and oxygen are proteins called _____.

A

Cytochromes

39
Q

Define Cytochromes

A

An iron-contains protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and the chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.

40
Q

_____ is regarded as the energy-coupling mechanism

A

Chemiosmosis

41
Q

Populating the inner membrane of the mitochondrion or the prokaryotic plasma membrane are many copies of a protein complex called _____.

A

ATP Synthase

42
Q

Define ATP Synthase

A

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.

43
Q

Define Chemiosmosis

A

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

44
Q

The two major components of oxidative phosphorylation are:

A

Chemiosmosis and Electront Transport Chains

45
Q

What is a brief summary of what happens in chemiosmosis?

A

The passage of H+ ions through ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. Thus, the energy stored in an H+ gradient across a membrane couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.

46
Q

Define the Proton-Motive Force

A

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton-electron chemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

47
Q

In very general terms, what does Chemiosmosis do?

A

Chemiosmosis is an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work.

48
Q

_____ and _____ enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.

A

Fermentation-Anaerobic Respiration

49
Q

Because most of the ATP generated by cellular respiration is due to the work of oxidative phosphorylation, our estimate of ATP yield from aerobic respiration depends on an adequate supply of _____ to the cell.

A

Oxygen

50
Q

What is the main distinction between fermentation and anaerobic respiration?

A

ETC is used in anaerobic respiration but not in fermentation.

51
Q

How can fermentation generally be regarded?

A

It consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate or derivatives of pyruvate.

52
Q

What are two types of fermentation?

A

Alcohol Fermentation-Lactic Acid Fermentation

53
Q

Define Alcohol Fermentation

A

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.

54
Q

Define Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with NO release of CO2.

55
Q

What is the common thing shared between fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration?

A

Fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration are 3 alternative cellular pathways for the production of ATP by harvesting the chemical energy of food. All three use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate, with a net production of 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. And in all three pathways, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food during glycolysis.

56
Q

What is the main difference between fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration?

A

The contrasting mechanisms that are being used to oxidize NADH back to NAD+

57
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration respectively?

A

In aerobic respiration, it is oxygen; in anaerobic respiration, it is another molecule that is less electronegative than oxygen.

58
Q

Define Obligate Anaerobes

A

An organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.

59
Q

Define Facultative Anaerobes

A

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.

60
Q

On the cellular level, our _____ cells behave as facultative anaerobes.

A

Muscle

61
Q

The role of _____ in both fermentation and respiration has an evolutionary basis.

A

Glycolysis

62
Q

_____ and _____ connect to many other metabolic pathways.

A

Glycolysis- Citric Acid Cycle

63
Q

Amino acids present in excess are converted by enzymes to _____ of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

A

Intermediates

64
Q

Define Beta Oxidation

A

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as Acetyl CoA.

65
Q

A gram of _____ oxidized by respiration produces more than twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate.

A

Fat

66
Q

Do Biosynthetic pathways consume or produce ATP?

A

Consume

67
Q

What is the most common mechanism for control of Metabolism?

A

Feedback Inhibition: the end product of the anabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes the early step of the pathway.

68
Q

The energy that keeps up alive is _____, not _____, by cellular respiration.

A

Released-Produced

Bio 5A Lecture (16 decks)

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