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Bio 5A Lecture > Chapter 1 (0-12, 16-26) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (0-12, 16-26) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the levels of Biological Organization?

A

Biosphere-Ecosystems-Communities-Populations-Organisms BEC-PO

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2
Q

Define Biosphere

A

The entire population of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems.

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3
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.

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4
Q

Define Community

A

All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.

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5
Q

Define Population

A

A group of i individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.

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6
Q

Define Organism

A

An individual living thing; consisting of one or more cells.

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7
Q

Define Organ

A

A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.

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8
Q

Define Tissue

A

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.

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9
Q

Define Cell

A

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function; the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life.

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10
Q

Define Organelle

A

Any of several membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells.

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11
Q

Define Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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12
Q

What is the rest of biological organization consisted of?

A

Organ-Tissues-Cells-Organelles-Molecules OTCOM

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13
Q

Define Emergent Properties

A

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases.

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14
Q

Define Systems Biology

A

An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on study of interactions among the system’s parts.

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15
Q

What are the different types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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16
Q

What group of single-called microorganisms are prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria-Archaea

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17
Q

Define Eukaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.

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18
Q

Define Prokaryotic Cell

A

A cell lacking a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles. Furthermore, prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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19
Q

Define DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and determine the inherited structure of cell’s proteins.

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20
Q

Define Genes

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

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21
Q

Each chromosome contains one very long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of _____, each a section of the DNA of the chromosome.

A

Genes

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22
Q

What is each chain in the DNA molecule made of?

A

4 nucleotides called adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.

ATCG

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23
Q

We can think of nucleotides as a four letter _____.

A

Alphabet

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24
Q

Define Gene Expression

A

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

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25
Q

Differences between organisms reflect differences between their _____ rather than between their genetic codes.

A

Nucleotide Sequences

26
Q

Define Genome

A

The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its non-coding nucleic acid sequences.

27
Q

Define Genomics

A

The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species.

28
Q

Define Proteomics

A

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions.

29
Q

Define Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism.

30
Q

Define Bioinformatics

A

The use of computes, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

31
Q

Define Producers

A

An organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy (in photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (in chemosynthetic relations carried out by some prokaryotes).

32
Q

Define Consumers

A

An organism that feeds on producers, other consumers, or non living organic material.

33
Q

Define Feedback Regulation

A

The regulation of a process by its output or end product.

34
Q

Define Climate Change

A

A directional change in temperature, precipitation, or other aspect of the global climate that lasts for three decades or more.

35
Q

Define Evolution

A

Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present dat ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

36
Q

What is a biological name consisted of?

A

Genus, Species

37
Q

What are the three domains determined by biologists?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. BAE

38
Q

Define Bacteria

A

One of the two prokaryotic domains, the other is Archaea.

39
Q

Define Archaea

A

One of the two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.

40
Q

Define Eukarya

A

The domain that includes are eukaryotic organisms.

41
Q

What is the division of domains called?

A

Kingdoms

42
Q

What kingdoms are present in the Eukarya domain?

A

Plantas, Fungí, Animalia, Protists. P-FAP

43
Q

Define Protist

A

An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.

44
Q

Define Science

A

An approach to understanding the natural world.

45
Q

Define Inquiry

A

The search for information and exploration, often focusing on specific questions.

46
Q

Define Data

A

Recorded observations.

47
Q

Define Inductive Reasoning

A

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

48
Q

Define Hypothesis

A

A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.

49
Q

Define Experiment

A

A scientific test. Often carried out under controlled conditions that involve manipulating one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing that factor.

50
Q

Define Deductive Reasoning

A

A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.

51
Q

We can _____ prove that a hypothesis is true.

A

Never

52
Q

Define Controlled Experiment

A

An experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group; ideally, the two group[s differ only in the factor being tested.

53
Q

Define Variables

A

A factor that varies in an experiment.

54
Q

Define Independent Variable

A

A factor whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment to reveal possible effects on another factor. (The dependent variable).

55
Q

Define Dependent Variable

A

A factor whose value is measured during an experiment or other test to see whether it is influenced by change in another factor (the independent variable).

56
Q

Researchers usually “control” unwanted variables not by eliminating them through environmental regulation, but by _____ out their effects by using control groups.

A

Canceling

57
Q

Define Theory

A

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.

58
Q

Define Model Organism

A

A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab.

59
Q

Define Technology

A

The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.

60
Q

The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena, while that of technology is to _____ scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.

A

APPLY

Bio 5A Lecture (16 decks)

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