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Bio 5A Lecture > Chapter 6: A Tour Of The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour Of The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Organelles

A

Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

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2
Q

Define Cell Fractionation

A

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds.

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3
Q

______ cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

What are some basic features that all cells share?

A

They are all bounded by a plasma membrane (also referred to as the cell membrane)-All cells contain chromosomes-All cells have ribosomes. MCR. (Membrane-Chromosome-Ribosome)

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5
Q

Define Cytosol

A

The semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm.

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6
Q

Define Eukaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

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7
Q

Define Prokaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.

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8
Q

Define Nucleoid

A

A non-membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located.

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9
Q

What is the major difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

In a eukaryotic cell, most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed called the nucleoid.

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10
Q

Define Cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus.

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11
Q

What is another difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Absence of membrane-bound organelles-Eukaryotes are Larger

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12
Q

Define Plasma Membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating a cell’s chemical composition.

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13
Q

A smaller object has a greater ratio of _____ to _____.

A

Surface Area-Volume

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14
Q

Enzymes embedded in the membranes of the organelles called mitochondria function in _____.

A

Cellular Respiration

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15
Q

The eukaryotic cell’s giant instructions are housed in the _____ and carried out by the _____

A

Nucleus-Ribosomes

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16
Q

Define Nucleus

A

The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made of chromatin.

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17
Q

Define Nuclear Envelope

A

In eukaryotic cells, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

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18
Q

The nuclear envelope is a _____ membrane. The two membranes, each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins, are separated by a space of _____ to _____ nanometers.

A

Double; 20-40

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19
Q

What is the role of pore complex?

A

A pore complex is an intricate protein structure that lines each pore and plays an important role in the cell by regulating the entry and exit of proteins and RNAs, as well as large complexes of macromolecules.

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20
Q

Define Nuclear Lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

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21
Q

Define Chromosomes

A

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are linear and located in the nucleus. In prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular and located in the nucleoid.

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22
Q

Define Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

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23
Q

How many chromosomes are in a typical human cell? What types of cells are the exceptions?

A

46-Sex Chromosomes-23

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24
Q

Define Nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of long chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with the ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm.

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25
Q

Define Ribosomes

A

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a small and large subunit.

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26
Q

Are ribosomes membrane bounded and considered organelles?

A

No

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27
Q

What are two types of ribosomes and where are they located?

A

Free Ribosomes-Bound Ribosomes

Free Ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, while bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

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28
Q

Bound and Free Ribosomes are structurally _____.

A

Identical

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29
Q

What is the function of free ribosomes?

A

Most of the proteins made on free ribosomes function within the cytosol; examples are enzymes that catalyze the first steps of sugar breakdown.

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30
Q

What is the function of bound ribosomes?

A

They generally make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes.

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31
Q

What is the endo-membrane system responsible for?

A

Regulating Protein traffic and performing metabolic functions. PM. (Protein-Metabolic)

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32
Q

Define Endomembrane System

A

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the smooth and rough ER, the Golgi Apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles.

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33
Q

Define Vesicle

A

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.

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34
Q

Define Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions.

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35
Q

Define Smooth ER

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

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36
Q

Define Rough ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached. RR

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37
Q

What are the general functions of the smooth ER?

A

Diverse Metabolic Processes

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38
Q

How does the smooth ER detoxify drugs and poisons?

A

Detoxification usually involves adding hydroxyl groups to drug molecules, making them more soluble and easier to flush in the body.

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39
Q

The smooth ER also stores _____ ions.

A

Calcium

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40
Q

What is a general function of the Rough ER?

A

Secretion of proteins that are produced by the ribosomes attached to the Rough ER.

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41
Q

Define Glycoproteins

A

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

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42
Q

Define Transport Vesicles

A

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

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43
Q

Define Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non-cellulose carbs. G-MSR

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44
Q

What are the two sides of the Golgi Apparatus called?

A

Cis/Trans

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45
Q

Where is the cis and trans side of the Golgi apparatus located?

A

Cis is facing the ER; trans is on the opposite side of cis. CF

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46
Q

What are the functions of the cis and trans side of the Golgi apparatus respectively?

A

Cis —-> Receiving; Trans ——> Shipping. CR-TS

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47
Q

Define Lysosome

A

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some proteins.

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48
Q

In which environments do lysosomes work best?

A

Acidic Environments

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48
Q

What is the main function of lysosomes?

A

Carrying out intracellular digestion in a variety of circumstances.

49
Q

How do lysosomes function in phagocytosis?

A

Lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes- Lysosome fuses with food vacuole- Hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles.

50
Q

What happens in Autophagy?

A

Lysosomes recycle intracellular materials; lysosome fuses with vesicle containing damaged organelles; hydrolytic enzymes digest organelle components.

51
Q

Define Autophagy

A

When lysosomes use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle a the cell’s own organic material.

52
Q

What are some lysosomal storage disorders?

A

Tay Sachs- Gaucher’s Disease-Fabry Disease- Niemann Pick Disease. TGFN

53
Q

Define Tay-Sachs Disease

A

A defect in lysosomal enzyme that digests gangliosides (a type of lipid); lipid builds up in brain causing neurological and other defects.

54
Q

Define Gaucher’s Disease

A

Gaucher’s disease leads to the accumulation of fatty substances in certain organs. Signs and symptoms include enlarged liver and spleen, fatigue, anemia, bone pain and fractures, and easy bruising/bleeding. E-FAB-E.

55
Q

Define Fabry Disease

A

Fabry disease is caused by a defect on the X chromosome.

56
Q

Define Niemann-Pick Disease

A

Severe metabolic disorders in which sphignomyelin accumulates in lysosomes. The lysosomes normally transport material through and out of the cell. NS (Niemann-Sphingomyelin)

57
Q

Define Vacuoles

A

A membrane-bound vesicle whose specialized function varies in cells.

58
Q

Vacuoles are derived from _____ and _____.

A

ER-Golgi

59
Q

Define Food Vacuoles

A

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.

60
Q

Define Contractile Vacuoles

A

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain fresh-water protists

61
Q

Define Central Vacuole

A

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances. GSS

62
Q

Mature plant cells generally contain a large central vacuole, which develops by the coalescence of _____.

A

Smaller Vacuoles

63
Q

How do plant cells grow?

A

With the absorption of water, the central vacuoles of cells grow, causing the cell to become larger.

64
Q

_____ and ______ change energy from one form to another.

A

Mitochondria-Chloroplasts

65
Q

Define Mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP.

66
Q

Define Chloroplasts

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

67
Q

Define the Endosymbiont Theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

68
Q

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own _____, _____, and _____.

A

Genome-Transcription-Ribosomes GTR

69
Q

The number of mitochondrion in a cell corresponds with the cell’s _____.

A

Metabolic Activity

70
Q

How many membranes does the mitochondria have?

A

2

71
Q

The outer membrane of the mitochondria is _____, but the inner membrane is _____.

A

Smooth-Convoluted

72
Q

Define Cristae

A

An in folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP Synthase). ETC-ATP

73
Q

Define Mitochondrial Matrix

A

The part of the mitochondria inside of the inner membrane that contains enzymes and the substances on which an enzyme acts on for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA.

74
Q

Define Thylakoids

A

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They often exist in sacs called “grana” that are connected to one another. Their membranes contain the molecular machinery that’s necessary for the conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

75
Q

Define Granum

A

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. They function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

76
Q

Define Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; it contains ribosomes and DNA and is involved in the making of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O.

77
Q

How many divisions of space are there as a result of the membranes of the chloroplast?

A

3; Intermembrane Space-Stroma-Thylakoid IST

78
Q

The chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely related plant organelles called _____.

A

Plastids

79
Q

Define Plastids

A

One of a family of closely related organelles that include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Plastids are found in the cells of photosynthesis eukaryotes. CCA

80
Q

Define Peroxisome

A

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (H2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. (H2O2)

81
Q

Peroxisomes are bound by _____.

A

A single membrane.

82
Q

What are some functions of Peroxisomes?

A

They use oxygen to break down fatty acids; in the liver, they break down alcohol.

83
Q

The _____ is a network of fibers that organize structures and activities in the cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

84
Q

Define Cytoskeleton

A

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions. MTS

85
Q

What does cell motility mean?

A

Movement of the Cell

86
Q

What are the two things that cell motility include?

A

Changes in a cell location and movement of cell parts.

87
Q

Cell motility generally requires interaction of the cytoskeleton with the _____.

A

Motor Proteins

88
Q

Define Motor Proteins

A

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.

89
Q

Which of the three components of the cytoskeleton are the thinnest/thickest

A

Thinnest: Microfilaments
Thickest: Microtubules

90
Q

Define Microtubules

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells that are found in the cilia and the flagella.

91
Q

What are the main functions of Microtubules?

A

They support the cell structure and shape and also act as a track along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move along.

92
Q

In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a _____.

A

Centrosome

93
Q

Define Centrosome

A

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has TWO centrioles.

94
Q

Define Centrioles

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets; each centriole is composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring. 93R

95
Q

Define Flagella

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. FL

96
Q

Define Cilia

A

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells.

97
Q

Do motile cilia and flagella share a similar structure?

A

Yes

98
Q

Define Basal Body

A

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of the “9+0” arrangement of the microtubule triplets. The basal body organizes the micro tube assembly in cilia and flagella and is very similar in structure to centrioles.

99
Q

Define Dyneins

A

In cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet.

100
Q

Define Microfilaments

A

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. FAMC (Filaments-Contraction)

101
Q

Define Actin

A

A globular protein that links to two chains..

102
Q

Define Cortex

A

The outer region of the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane.

103
Q

Define Myosin

A

A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.

104
Q

Define Pseudopodia

A

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

105
Q

Define Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials in cells.

106
Q

Define Intermediate Filaments

A

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments —-> smaller than microtubules, bigger than microfilaments.

107
Q

Even after cells die, _____ often persist.

A

Intermediate Filament Networks

108
Q

Define Cell Wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.

109
Q

Define Primary Cell Wall

A

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible leader that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell.

110
Q

Define Middle Lamella

A

In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells.

111
Q

Define Secondary Cell Wall

A

In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasmas membrane and provides protection and support.

112
Q

Animal cells do not have cell walls akin to those of plants; so, what do they have instead?

A

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

113
Q

Define Extracellular Matrix

A

The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells. GPP

114
Q

What is the most abundant type of glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells?

A

Collagen

115
Q

Define Collagen

A

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in the connective tissue and the bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

116
Q

Define Proteoglycans

A

A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrates chains attached, found in the ECM.

117
Q

Define Fibronectin

A

An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the ECM.

118
Q

Define Integrins

A

In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the ECM and the cytoskeleton.

119
Q

Define Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass in between cells.

Bio 5A Lecture (16 decks)

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