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Bio 5A Lecture > Chapter 11: Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Quorum Sensing

A

The ability of cells to recognize the concentration of molecules secreted by another cell.

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2
Q

Define Biofilm

A

An aggregation of bacterial cells adhered to a surface.

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3
Q

What do cell junctions do in animal/plant cells?

A

They directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. In these cases, signaling substances dissolved in the cytoskeleton can pass freely between neighboring cells.

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4
Q

What are the different types of local signaling?

A

Autocrine, Paracrine, and Synaptic. APS.

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5
Q

What are the three types of communication in cells?

A

Direct Contact Signaling (Cell Junctions-Cell Cell Contact) ; Local Signaling (Autocrine, Paracrine, and Synaptic); Long Distance Signaling (Hormonal). DLL

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6
Q

What is a general definition for gap junctions?

A

Localized sets of channels

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7
Q

Gap junctions are generally classified as _____.

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Neurons communicate by gap junctions through the _____ of the cell.

A

Body

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9
Q

How do cells communicate during development?

A

Cell-Cell Recognition

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10
Q

What generally happens in cell-cell recognition?

A

Two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces.

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11
Q

What happens in Paracrine signaling?

A

A signaling cell acts on nearby target cells by secreting molecules of a local regulator (a growth factor, for example).

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12
Q

What happens in Synaptic Signaling?

A

A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell, such as a muscle or another nerve cell.

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13
Q

What happens in endocrine signaling?

A

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often blood. Hormones reach most body cells, but are bound by and affect only some cells.

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14
Q

What is an example of local regulators in animals?

A

Growth Factors

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15
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

They are compounds that stimulate nearby cells to grow and divide.

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16
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The narrow space between the nerve cell and its target cell.

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17
Q

Both animals and plants use molecules called _____ for long-distance signaling

A

Hormones

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18
Q

Define Hormones

A

In multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specified cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism, changing the target cells’ functioning.

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19
Q

What happens in “fight or flight”?

A

The breakdown of storage polysaccharide glycogen within liver cells and skeletal muscle cells happens. Epinephrine (adrenaline) triggers “fight or flight”

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20
Q

What are the three steps in cellular communication?

A

Reception-Transduction-Response. RTR

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21
Q

What happens in Reception?

A

Reception is the target cell’s detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is “detected” when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell’s surface (or inside the cell, to be discussed later’

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22
Q

What happens in Transduction?

A

The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction. The transduction stage converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.

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23
Q

Define Signal Transduction Pathway

A

A series of steps linking a mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to a specific cellular response.

24
Q

The molecules in the signal transduction pathway are often called _____ molecules.

A

Relay

25
Q

Define Response

A

In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transducer signal from outside the cell.

26
Q

Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a _____, causing it to change _____.

A

Receptor Protein-Shape

27
Q

Define Ligand

A

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.

28
Q

The largest family of human cell-surface receptors is the _____.

A

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

29
Q

Define G-Protein Coupled Receptor

A

A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. Also called a G protein-linked receptor.

30
Q

Define G-Protein

A

A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G-protein coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside of the cell.

31
Q

Define Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKS)

A

A receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimmer.

32
Q

What is a key difference between GPCRs and RTKs?

A

A single ligand binding activity for an RTK can activate TEN or more transduction pathways. With GCPRs, however, a single transduction pathway is activated upon the ligand-binding activity.

33
Q

Define Ligand-Gated Ion Channel

A

A transmembrane protein containing a pore that opens or closes as it changes shape in response to a signaling molecule (ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of superficial ions also called an ionotropic receptor.

34
Q

What is a benefit of having multiple steps in a signal transduction pathway?

A

The possibility of greatly amplifying a signal.

35
Q

Relay molecules are often _____.

A

Proteins

36
Q

Define Protein Kinase

A

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.

37
Q

Define Phosphorylation Cascade

A

A series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes (kinases), in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another, ultimately leading to the phosphorylation of many proteins.

38
Q

Define Protein Phosphotase

A

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.

39
Q

What do Protein Phosphotases directly do?

A

By dephosphorylating and thus inactivating protein kinases, phosphotases provide the mechanism for turning off the signal transduction pathway when the initial signal is no longer present.

40
Q

_____ and _____ act as Second Messengers

A

Small Molecules-Ions

41
Q

Define Second Messengers

A

A small, non-protein, water soluble molecule or ion, such as Ca2+ or cyclic AMP; that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.

42
Q

Define Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells.

43
Q

Define Adenylyl Cyclase

A

An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extra cellular signal.

44
Q

Cyclic AMP is inactivated by _____, an enzyme that converts it to AMP.

A

Phosphodiesterase

45
Q

What does increasing the cytotoxic concentration of Ca2+ do in the cells?

A

Muscle cell contraction, exocytosis of molecules, and cell division. MEC

46
Q

Why can the calcium ion function so well ass a secondary messenger?

A

Because its concentration in the cytosol is normally much LOWER than the concentration outside the cell.

47
Q

The pathways leading to calcium release involve two other secondary messengers. What are they called?

A

Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG)

48
Q

Define Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

A

A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between signaling molecules and a subsequent second messenger, Ca2+, by causing a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.

49
Q

Define Diacylglycerol (DAG)

A

A second messenger produced by the cleavage of the phospholipid PIP2 in the plasma membrane.

50
Q

Cell signaling leads to regulation of _____ or _____.

A

Transcription- Cytoplasmic Activities

51
Q

What does the response of a cell to a signal protein depend on?

A

It deepens on the particular collection of signal receptor proteins, relay proteins, and proteins needed to carry out the response.

52
Q

How is the efficiency for signal transduction increased?

A

By increasing the presence of scaffolding proteins.

53
Q

Define Scaffolding Proteins

A

A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.

54
Q

_____ integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways.

A

Apoptosis.

55
Q

Define Apoptosis

A

A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell.

56
Q

What are the most abundant receptors?

A

RTKs

Bio 5A Lecture (16 decks)

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