Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 5A Lecture > Chapter 4 (p. 56-65) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (p. 56-65) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are some important things that are composed of Carbon?

A

Proteins, DNA, Carbs. PDC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Organic Chemistry

A

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the elements that make up the majority of existence?

A

C,H,O,N,S,P.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does a Carbon atom complete its valence shell?

A

By sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms so that 8 electrons are present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Valence

A

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the most frequent bonding partners for Carbon?

A

H,O,N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Hydrocarbons

A

An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are hydrocarbons the major components of?

A

Petroleum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 4 ways that carbon skeletons can vary?

A

Length-Branching-Double Bond Position-Presence of Rings. LBDR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons?

A

They can undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do fat molecules consist of?

A

They consist of a small, non hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails that account for the hydrophobic behavior of fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Isomers

A

One of two or more compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three types of isomers?

A

Structural- Cis/Trans-Enantiomers. SCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Structural Isomers

A

One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. Structural isomers may also differ in the location of double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Cis-Trans Isomers

A

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; formerly called a geometric isomer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Cis Isomer

A

The two X’s are on the same side. CS (Cis-Same)

17
Q

Define Trans Isomer

A

The two Xs are on opposite sides.

18
Q

Define Enantiomer

A

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.

19
Q

What is the effect of Ibuprofen?

A

Reduces inflammation and pain.

20
Q

What is the effect of Albuterol?

A

Relaxes bronchial (airway) muscles, improving airflow in asthma patients.

21
Q

Define Functional Groups

A

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

22
Q

What are the 7 chemical groups?

A

Hydroxyl-Carbonyl-Carboxyl-Amino-Sulfhydryl-Phosphate-Methyl. HCCA-SPM

23
Q

Explain everything about the Hydroxyl group.

A

Is polar due to the electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars.

An example is Ethanol. HE

The hydroxyl group is hydroxide with a single bond coming out of it (can also be written an HO)

24
Q

Explain everything about the Carbonyl Group

A

Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses.

An example is Acetone. CA

Carbonyl is considered of Carbon double bonded to oxygen. There are two single bonds coming out of the carbon.

25
Q

Explain everything about the Carboxyl Group

A

Acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.

An example is Acetic Acid. CA

Carboxyl group is simply COOH. The carbon is double bonded to oxygen, and there are two single bonds coming out of the carbon, one of them being bonded to hydroxide.

26
Q

Explain everything about the Amino group

A

Acts as a base; can pick up H+ from the surrounding solution.

An example is Glycine. AG

An amino group is NH2. A nitrogen has 3 bonds coming out of it with two of them being bonded to hydrogen

27
Q

Explain everything about the Sulfhydryl Group

A

Two-SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or cur lines of hair; in hair salons, permanente treatment breaks cross-links, then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape.

An example includes Cysteine. SC

Sulfhydryl group is a SH with a single bond coming out of it.

28
Q

Explain everything about the Phosphate Group

A

Contributes negative charges. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy.

An example includes Glycerol Phosphate. PG

The phosphate group is OPO32–; the phosphorus is bonded to four different oxygens, being double bonded to one of them.

29
Q

Explain everything about the Methyl Group

A

Affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones.

An example includes 5-Methylcytosine. MM

The methyl group is CH3. Carbon is single bonded to 3 different hydrogens with another single bond coming out of it.

30
Q

Define Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

31
Q

What happens when ATP reacts with water?

A

When three phosphates are present in series, as in ATP, one phosphate may be split off as a result of a reaction with water. The resulting would be the following:

ATP+ Water —-> Adenosine Diphosphate+ Inorganic Phosphate (HOPO3(2-))+Energy

32
Q

Define Asymmetric Carbon

A

A carbon with an organic compound that contains four different atoms or groups of atoms (substituents) bonded to it.

33
Q

Can carbons with double or triple bonds every be asymmetric?

A

No, because they have three and two total bonds respectively.

34
Q

How can you tell if a carbon is asymmetric?

A

If there’s four different groups bonded to it, then it’s asymmetric. When we’re analyzing a carbon and looking at the groups, the groups include EVERYTHING in the respective directions we’re looking at.

35
Q

Which of the functional groups are hydrophobic?

A

Methyl

Bio 5A Lecture (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions