Chapter 4 (p. 56-65)

Question 1

What are some important things that are composed of Carbon?

Answer 1

Proteins, DNA, Carbs. PDC

Question 2

Define Organic Chemistry

Answer 2

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).

Question 3

What are the elements that make up the majority of existence?

Answer 3

C,H,O,N,S,P.

Question 4

How does a Carbon atom complete its valence shell?

Answer 4

By sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms so that 8 electrons are present.

Question 5

Define Valence

Answer 5

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.

Question 6

What are the most frequent bonding partners for Carbon?

Answer 6

H,O,N

Question 7

Define Hydrocarbons

Answer 7

An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

Question 8

What are hydrocarbons the major components of?

Answer 8

Petroleum.

Question 9

What are 4 ways that carbon skeletons can vary?

Answer 9

Length-Branching-Double Bond Position-Presence of Rings. LBDR

Question 10

What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons?

Answer 10

They can undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy.

Question 11

What do fat molecules consist of?

Answer 11

They consist of a small, non hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails that account for the hydrophobic behavior of fats.

Question 12

Define Isomers

Answer 12

One of two or more compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

Question 13

What are the three types of isomers?

Answer 13

Structural- Cis/Trans-Enantiomers. SCE

Question 14

Define Structural Isomers

Answer 14

One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. Structural isomers may also differ in the location of double bonds.

Question 15

Define Cis-Trans Isomers

Answer 15

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; formerly called a geometric isomer.

Question 16

Define Cis Isomer

Answer 16

The two X’s are on the same side. CS (Cis-Same)

Question 17

Define Trans Isomer

Answer 17

The two Xs are on opposite sides.

Question 18

Define Enantiomer

Answer 18

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.

Question 19

What is the effect of Ibuprofen?

Answer 19

Reduces inflammation and pain.

Question 20

What is the effect of Albuterol?

Answer 20

Relaxes bronchial (airway) muscles, improving airflow in asthma patients.

Question 21

Define Functional Groups

Answer 21

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

Question 22

What are the 7 chemical groups?

Answer 22

Hydroxyl-Carbonyl-Carboxyl-Amino-Sulfhydryl-Phosphate-Methyl. HCCA-SPM

Question 23

Explain everything about the Hydroxyl group.

Answer 23

Is polar due to the electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars.

An example is Ethanol. HE

The hydroxyl group is hydroxide with a single bond coming out of it (can also be written an HO)

Question 24

Explain everything about the Carbonyl Group

Answer 24

Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses.

An example is Acetone. CA

Carbonyl is considered of Carbon double bonded to oxygen. There are two single bonds coming out of the carbon.

Question 25

Explain everything about the Carboxyl Group

Answer 25

Acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. An example is Acetic Acid. CA Carboxyl group is simply COOH. The carbon is double bonded to oxygen, and there are two single bonds coming out of the carbon, one of them being bonded to hydroxide.

Question 26

Explain everything about the Amino group

Answer 26

Acts as a base; can pick up H+ from the surrounding solution. An example is Glycine. AG An amino group is NH2. A nitrogen has 3 bonds coming out of it with two of them being bonded to hydrogen

Question 27

Explain everything about the Sulfhydryl Group

Answer 27

Two-SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or cur lines of hair; in hair salons, permanente treatment breaks cross-links, then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape. An example includes Cysteine. SC Sulfhydryl group is a SH with a single bond coming out of it.

Question 28

Explain everything about the Phosphate Group

Answer 28

Contributes negative charges. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy. An example includes Glycerol Phosphate. PG The phosphate group is OPO32–; the phosphorus is bonded to four different oxygens, being double bonded to one of them.

Question 29

Explain everything about the Methyl Group

Answer 29

Affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones. An example includes 5-Methylcytosine. MM The methyl group is CH3. Carbon is single bonded to 3 different hydrogens with another single bond coming out of it.

Question 30

Define Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 30

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Question 31

What happens when ATP reacts with water?

Answer 31

When three phosphates are present in series, as in ATP, one phosphate may be split off as a result of a reaction with water. The resulting would be the following: ATP+ Water —-> Adenosine Diphosphate+ Inorganic Phosphate (HOPO3(2-))+Energy

Question 32

Define Asymmetric Carbon

Answer 32

A carbon with an organic compound that contains four different atoms or groups of atoms (substituents) bonded to it.

Question 33

Can carbons with double or triple bonds every be asymmetric?

Answer 33

No, because they have three and two total bonds respectively.

Question 34

How can you tell if a carbon is asymmetric?

Answer 34

If there’s four different groups bonded to it, then it’s asymmetric. When we’re analyzing a carbon and looking at the groups, the groups include EVERYTHING in the respective directions we’re looking at.

Question 35

Which of the functional groups are hydrophobic?

Answer 35

Methyl