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Bio 1113 > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the actual ATP yield per glucose?

A

29 ATP

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2
Q

What happens in cellular respiration?

A

Energy is harvested to regenerate ATP

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3
Q

What does food provide in biosynthesis?

A

The carbon skeletons necessary as well as energy to create molecules for the cell

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4
Q

Chemical formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+6)2–>6CO2+6H2O+Energy (ATP and heat)

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5
Q

Pyruvate processing formula

A

Pyruvate + coenzyme A + NAD+ –> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH

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6
Q

What do electrons travel with?

A

A H atom

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7
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation used for in the food industry?

A

Make yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut

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8
Q

Where do H atoms get passed before O2?

A

To NAD+ which becomes NADH with the H atom

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9
Q

How does ATP synthase work?

A

H+ ions flow through ATP synthase down their concentration gradient, bind to active sites and cause conformational change (rotor spins), and causes it to activate catalytic sites that generate ATP

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10
Q

What happens to glucose in glycolysis?

A

It gets split into 2 molecules of pyruvate

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11
Q

Glycolysis formula

A

Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD+ –> 2Pyruvate + 4ATP(2net) + 2NADH

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12
Q

When are electrons stripped from glucose?

A

At key steps

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13
Q

What does brown fat allow for in hibernation?

A

Allows the oxidation of stored fuel to generate heat without buildup of ATP

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14
Q

How many steps are in the citric acid cycle?

A

8

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15
Q

Does glucose have to be the electron donor in anaerobic respiration?

A

No, other electron donors can be used

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16
Q

How is PE stored in food?

A

The arrangement of the electrons in the bonds

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17
Q

What type of fat do infants have a lot of and what does it do?

A

Brown fat. It helps them regulate body temperature

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18
Q

What does brown fat contain?

A

Cells full of mitochondria

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19
Q

Rxn 3 of pyruvate processing

A

Coenzyme A is added to form acetyl CoA

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20
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytosol

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21
Q

Why do cells need building blocks?

A

For biosynthesis. They have to make their own molecules

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22
Q

What organisms use alcohol fermentation?

A

Some bacteria and yeast

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23
Q

Why do animals make respiration less efficient during hibernation?

A

Too much ATP would shut down respiration and hibernating animals need heat from respiration so making it less efficient keeps them alive

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24
Q

What are the two steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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25
Q

How does the electron transport chain work?

A

Electron carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons

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26
Q

How does oxidative phosphorylation generate ATP?

A

Adding Pi (free inorganic phosphate) to ADP

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27
Q

How are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation similar?

A

Lactic acid requires one less step; pyruvate does not get reduced to acetaldehyde and then reduced by NADH to ethanol. Pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH in lactic acid fermentation.

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28
Q

Why must cellular respiration be regulated?

A

Prevents the cell from wasting energy making something it already has

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29
Q

Rxn 2 of pyruvate processing

A

Remaining 2-carbon molecule is oxidized and NADH is formed

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30
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process to generate energy without using oxygen or an electron transport chain

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31
Q

Is ATP produced in the electron transport chain?

A

No

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32
Q

What are the products of one cycle of the citric acid cycle?

A

2CO2, 1ATP (GTP), 3NADH, 1FADH2

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33
Q

Four steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. ) Glycolysis
  2. ) Pyruvate processing
  3. ) Citric acid cycle
  4. ) ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
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34
Q

What do some marine bacteria use as the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

The sulfate ion (SO4-2) to produce H2S instead of water

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35
Q

Rxn 1 of pyruvate processing

A

COO- is removed from pyruvate and given off as CO2

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36
Q

How many products are produced per glucose molecule in the citric acid cycle and why?

A

2x the amount of one cycle because one glucose makes 2 pyruvate and one pyruvate goes through the cycle to produce products

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37
Q

How are intermediates from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle used in biosynthesis?

A

They can be used as precursors for molecules the cell requires

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38
Q

What does glycolysis require as an input?

A

2 ATP

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39
Q

What would happen without the hibernation adaptation in animals?

A

ATP would accumulate since the animals metabolism is low and respiration would be shut down due to control mechanisms

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40
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

Uses energy of the H+ gradient to power ATP synthesis

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41
Q

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate gives off CO2 and becomes acetaldehyde which is reduced by NADH to make ethanol and NADH is oxidized and NAD+ is replenished. In essence, pyruvate is reduced to ethanol

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42
Q

How are amino acids used in biosynthesis?

A

They can be incorporated into the cells own proteins

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43
Q

4th step of cellular respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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44
Q

What type of rxn is cellular respiration?

A

Exergonic

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45
Q

What does anabolic mean?

A

Requires energy

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46
Q

What does the inner membrane of brown fat contain?

A

An uncoupling protein which allows H+ to flow back down their gradient without generating ATP

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47
Q

How do old mitochondria contribute to a lower yield of ATP?

A

As they get older they become leaky and less efficient

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48
Q

How is ATP generate in glycolysis?

A

An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP instead of using Pi

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49
Q

What does acetyl CoA have?

A

A high PE

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50
Q

What is deltaG equal to in cellular respiration?

A

-685kcal/mol of glucose

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51
Q

Are H atoms transferred directly to O2?

A

No

52
Q

What has happened to glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?

A

It has been fully oxidized

53
Q

What is the theoretical yield of ATP per glucose?

A

38 ATP

54
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

A gradient of H+ ions in the innermembrane of a cell created during chemiosmosis by the exergonic flow of electrons

55
Q

How many rxns are in glycolysis?

A

10

56
Q

Why can’t cells just switch to fermentation when you are completely deprived of oxygen (suffocated)?

A

Fermentation wouldn’t be able to supply enough ATP

57
Q

What happens to the metabolism of animals in hibernation?

A

It drops to levels just needed for survival

58
Q

Where do carbohydrates enter cellular respiration?

A

Before glycolysis. Right at the start

59
Q

Step 3 of cellular respiration

A

Citric acid cycle (Krebs/TCA cycle)

60
Q

What are NADH and FADH2?

A

Electron carriers

61
Q

How is the flow of electrons used in chemiosmosis?

A

Exergonic flow of electrons is used to pump H+ across the membrane into the intermembrane space

62
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The second part of oxidative phosphorylation that uses the diffusion of H+ ions down their electrochemical gradient to generate ATP

63
Q

What do high levels of ATP cause in a cell?

A

They inhibit an enzyme in early glycolysis

64
Q

What type of rxn is the electron transport chain and why?

A

Exergonic because as electrons move through it they are losing energy

65
Q

Why is cellular respiration aerobic?

A

It requires oxygen pull the electron off of the end of the electron transport chain

66
Q

How do the types of fermentation differ from each other?

A

They produce different end products

67
Q

Does alcohol fermentation occur in humans?

A

No

68
Q

What type of rxns take place in the citric acid cycle?

A

Redox

69
Q

What does biosynthesis require?

A

Energy. It is anabolic

70
Q

What is alcohol a product of in alcohol fermentation?

A

A waste product of the yeast or whatever organism went through alcohol fermentation

71
Q

Where does pyruvate processing take place?

A

Mitochondria

72
Q

How is energy harvested in cellular respiration?

A

In a stepwise manner

73
Q

How do the four steps of cellular respiration tie together?

A

The product of one becomes the reactant of the next

74
Q

What causes the discrepancy between the theoretical and actual yields of ATP?

A

The proton motive force is used for other work that isn’t flowing through ATP synthase to generate ATP

75
Q

Step 2 in cellular respiration

A

Pyruvate processing

76
Q

What happens to the rest of the energy from glucose that isn’t transferred to ATP?

A

It is released as heat

77
Q

What is alcohol fermentation used to create?

A

Beer, wine, liquor, and bread

78
Q

What are the two common types of fermentation?

A

Alcohol and lactic acid

79
Q

What does AMP do in cellular respiration regulation?

A

Stimulates phosphofructokinase in glycolysis. Go

80
Q

What are some substances that can be used as the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

NO3-, CO2, S, Fe, and uranium

81
Q

Two main pathways of cellular respiration

A

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

82
Q

How does pyruvate get in the mitochondria?

A

Transport protein

83
Q

What happens to CoA and oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?

A

They are recycled

84
Q

Do NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain at the same place? What does this cause?

A

No they enter at different places. This causes less energy for ATP synthesis when electrons come from FADH2

85
Q

How many calories are in a gram of carbohydrate? In a gram of fat?

A

4 calories/gram of carbohydrate

9 calories/gram of fat

86
Q

Why does a gram of fat produce 2x the ATP generated from a gram of carbohydrate?

A

Many more electrons can be pulled off of a fat because it has so many H atoms

87
Q

What percentage of the potential energy of glucose is transferred to ATP?

A

31%

88
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

89
Q

What is really stripped from glucose?

A

H atoms

90
Q

What do ATP and citrate do in cellular respiration regulation?

A

Inhibit phosphofructokinase in glycolysis. Stop

91
Q

Step 1 of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis

92
Q

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate. NADH is oxidized and NAD+ is replenished

93
Q

Does lactic acid fermentation occur in humans?

A

Yes

94
Q

What must be broken down to release energy?

A

Food

95
Q

When does lactic acid fermentation occur in muscle cells?

A

When the supply of oxygen can’t keep up with energy demand

96
Q

Where do proteins enter cellular respiration?

A

Pyruvate processing, acetyl CoA, and the citric acid cycle

97
Q

What is energy transferred from to in cellular respiration?

A

From food chem PE to ATP

98
Q

How many rxns take place in pyruvate processing?

A

3

99
Q

How many ATP are made in glycolysis?

A

4 made (2 net)

100
Q

Where is the energy from glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?

A

Most in NADH and FADH2 but some has been lost to heat

101
Q

Where do fats and phospholipids enter cellular respiration?

A

Glycerol into glycolysis and fatty acids into pyruvate processing (acetyl CoA)

102
Q

Where is ATP synthase located?

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

103
Q

How do the 8 steps of the citric acid cycle proceed?

A

They are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

104
Q

What other molecules can be broken down to release energy?

A

Other carbs, fats, and proteins can also be used

105
Q

Where is the majority of ATP made in cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

106
Q

How does fermentation work?

A

It creates a metabolic pathway to regenerate NAD+ through the continuation of glycolysis when no oxygen is present. It is glycolysis + an extension of glycolysis. There is no electron transport chain

107
Q

What does chemiosmosis generate?

A

Generates a gradient that is called the proton motive force that ultimately generates ATP

108
Q

What drops electrons off at the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2

109
Q

What would happen if glucose was oxidized all at once?

A

Too much energy would be lost. It would be too inefficient

110
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Inside the mitochondria

111
Q

What happens to the pyruvate from glycolysis in pyruvate processing?

A

It is shuttled into the mitochondria

112
Q

Citric acid cycle formula

A

Acetyl CoA + H2O + 3NAD+ + FAD –> 2CO2 + H2O + 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP(ATP)

113
Q

How is cellular respiration regulated?

A

Follows principles of supply and demand. Main mechanism of control is feedback inhibition

114
Q

What do animals do to the efficiency of cellular respiration in hibernation?

A

They reduce the efficiency of respiration

115
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

In anaerobic cellular respiration, O2 is not the final electron acceptor like it is in aerobic

116
Q

What happens to O2 in cellular respiration

A

It becomes reduced and becomes water

117
Q

How can anaerobic respiration be used to lower radiation in area high in radiation?

A

Organisms capable of using uranium as the final electron acceptor can be introduced to the area to lower the radiation

118
Q

Does NADH or FADH2 generate more energy when it comes in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH generates more energy

119
Q

ETC and oxidative phosphorylation formula

A

NADH + FADH2 + 1/2O2 + ADP + Pi –> ATP + H2O + NAD+ + FAD

120
Q

What is the electron transport chain and where?

A

Collection of molecules embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane

121
Q

What happens to glucose in cellular respiration?

A

It becomes oxidized

122
Q

What does oxygen do in the electron transport chain?

A

It is the final electron acceptor which also picks up 2 H+ ions to form H2O

123
Q

What is happening when you are deprived of oxygen (suffocated)?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor so if there is no oxygen, it can’t pull the final electron off the chain. This stops the process of producing ATP and a build up.

124
Q

Why is it hard to lose weight with a large fat intake?

A

You have to burn 2x as many calories for each gram of fat

125
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix (inside the inner membrane)

Bio 1113 (22 decks)

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