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Bio 1113 > Chapter 12: Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Cancer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the ABCs of skin cancer?

A

Asymmetry - when half of the mole doesn’t match the other half
Border - when the border of the mole is ragged or irregular
Color - when the color of the mole varies throughout
Diameter - if the moles diameter is larger than a pencils eraser

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2
Q

Can dark-skinned people get skin cancer?

A

Yes. More melanin but still can get skin cancer

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3
Q

What do most strains of HPV cause?

A

Warts on the body and the body can clear the infection on its own

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4
Q

What is the spread of cancer cells?

A

Metastasis

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5
Q

What is cancer?

A

A malignant tumor

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6
Q

What is a thymine dimer?

A

When T attaches to A next to it instead of across. Result of a tan

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7
Q

What does inheriting one bad copy of BRCA 1 or having a mutation of BRCA 1 cause?

A

Increased risk for breast cancer bc there is no room for error with the other copy. 60% chance of developing before 50 compared to 2% if both were normal

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8
Q

What have Henrietta Lacks’ cells been used for?

A

Polio vaccine, cancer, AIDS, gravity, radiation, 11,000 patents, 60,000 papers, and 20 tons of her cells have been used

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9
Q

The 2nd most commonly diagnosed cancer in women

A

Breast cancer

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10
Q

What leads to mutations of the cells own DNA?

A

Errors during replication and mitosis and carcinogens

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11
Q

What is Li Fraumeni syndrome?

A

Inherited mutation of the p53 gene. 50% of people with it develop cancer by age 30 and 90% by age 60

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12
Q

What does the Guardisill vaccine protect against?

A

HPV 16 and 18 but not the others

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13
Q

What is the number 1 cause of lung cancer?

A

Smoking

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of skin cancer?

A

UV radiation

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15
Q

What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. Uncontrolled proliferation (self-sufficient)
  2. Evasion of growth suppressors (inactivation of tumor suppressors)
  3. Resistance to apoptosis
  4. Develop replicative immortality (activate telomerase)
  5. Induce angiogenesis
  6. Invasion and metastasis
  7. Changed energy metabolism (anaerobic)
  8. Immune system evasion
  9. Genomic instability
  10. Inflammation
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16
Q

Confined locally (doesn’t spread), easier to remove

A

Benign

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17
Q

What is angiogenesis and why is it important in cancer?

A

Forming new blood vessels. Tumors do it to feed themselves

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18
Q

Invades surrounding tissue, spreads to other parts of the body, often comes back

A

Malignant

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19
Q

What do mutations cause in a cell?

A

A pile up until the cell can no longer divide properly (the dividing genes are damaged)

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20
Q

What are the 3 basic types of oncogene activation?

A

Mutation which changes protein structure, increase in protein concentration, and chromosomal translocation

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21
Q

What types of genes are most often associated with cancer?

A

Oncogenes and tumor suppressors

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22
Q

Why is immunotherapy better than chemotherapy?

A

Immunotherapy delivers chemo to the cancer cells through the immune system so it saves more normal cells

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23
Q

Why is lung cancers 5 year survival rate only 18%?

A

It is often more advanced by the time it is diagnosed

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24
Q

What does the two-hit hypothesis say?

A

Both copies of the gene must be non-functional

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25
Q

What are high risk types of HPV linked to?

A

Cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and mouth

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26
Q

What role does nicotine play in cancer?

A

It isn’t a carcinogen so it cant start the cancer but it does help cancer grow and prevent therapies

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27
Q

How do errors during replication and mitosis happen?

A

A chance when cells divide and the chance goes up with more divisions. Also, carcinogens

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28
Q

Do both tumor suppressor genes have to be non-functional for cancer to occur? What about oncogenes?

A

Tumor suppressors = both copies must be non-functional

Oncogenes = Only one must be non-functional

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29
Q

What is key in increasing the survivability of breast cancer?

A

Early detection

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30
Q

What cancer accounts for 26% of all cancer deaths

A

Lung cancer

31
Q

What determines how many mutations it takes to cause cancer?

A

The genes that are being mutated

32
Q

The most researched and important tumor suppressor

A

p53 “the guardian of the genome”

33
Q

What are 2/3 of cervical cancers caused by?

A

2 strains of HPV (HPV 16 and 18)

34
Q

Why does the risk of cancer increase with age?

A

The older you are, the more carcinogens you are exposed to and the more your cells have divided; you have longer to accumulate mutations

35
Q

What are the two ways the cancer is caused?

A

mutations in the cells own DNA and viruses

36
Q

What are oncogenes involved in?

A

Growth and differentiation

37
Q

What are other causes of lung cancer?

A

Asbestos, radon gas, pollution, exposure to carcinogens (coal dust, gasoline, mustard gas), and radiation therapy to the lungs

38
Q

What is mutated in about 50% of human cancers?

A

p53

39
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Cells resistant to chemo/radiation are introduced to normal genes that respond to them

40
Q

Do viruses or mutations account for most cancers?

A

Mutations

41
Q

What is the number 1 risk factor for cervical cancer?

A

HPV

42
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Substances that can cause cancer like UV light, caffeine, asbestos, alcohol, chemicals in cigarettes

43
Q

What does a mutation which changes protein structure cause?

A

Increase in activity or causes a loss of regulation. Oncogene activation

44
Q

Breaks for the cell cycle

A

Tumor suppressors

45
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

General boost to the immune system to help it recognize cancer cells. Attack specific targets. Deliver chemo to cancer cells

46
Q

What percentage of all cancers cases are breast cancer?

A

14%

47
Q

1 in 8 women develop an invasive form of this cancer

A

Breast cancer

48
Q

8 types of cancer treatments

A

Resection, chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplants, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and cancer vaccines

49
Q

What does a tan tell you?

A

DNA damage. Cells produce more melanin to protect the cells. Thymine dimer - T attaches to A next to it, not across from it

50
Q

What are cancer vaccines?

A

Hepatitis B and HPV (prevent cancer)

Prostate (treat cancer)

51
Q

A mass of cells that can be benign or malignant

A

Tumor

52
Q

What does an increase in protein concentration cause?

A

Increase in expression, stability, or gene duplication. Oncogene activation

53
Q

How does a virus cause cancer?

A

It could insert DNA to an oncogene by chance

54
Q

What are targeted therapies?

A

Target specific pathways/proteins involved in tumor development. Ex: angiogenesis inhibitors, Herceptin, Gleevec, and tamoxifen

55
Q

How many mutations need to happen on average for cancer to form?

A

8-10

56
Q

What is a bone marrow transplant?

A

Chemo and radiation destroys bone marrow. Transplant needed to make new blood cells

57
Q

What is resection?

A

Removal of tumor and surrounding tissue. Cancer treatment

58
Q

Gene that when mutated or over expressed can contribute to turning a normal cell into a cancer cell

A

Proto-oncogene (normal versions of oncogenes)

59
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Protects cells from UV radiation

60
Q

What does the p53 gene do?

A

Regulates the cell cycle. Crucial in making sure cells don’t pass on mutated DNA

61
Q

What is radiation?

A

Induce DNA damage to cause apoptosis

62
Q

What percentage of cancers and due to viruses and what are some examples?

A

15%. HPV and hepatitis

63
Q

Most common cancer in the US

A

Skin cancer

64
Q

What does chromosomal translocation cause?

A

Constitutively expressed fusion protein (Bcr-Abl) or expression in wrong cell at wrong time. Chromosomes break off and swap places with one another. Oncogene activation

65
Q

How does HPV cause cancer?

A

It produces a p53 inhibitor that deactivates the p53 protein which allows cells with mutated DNA to divide

66
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Targets rapidly dividing cells. Causes nausea and hair loss bc hair and stomach cells are rapidly dividing

67
Q

What tumor suppressors are involved in breast cancer?

A

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2

68
Q

How many new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed each year

A

About 250k with 2.4k being in men

69
Q

Genes which have a repressive effect on the regulation of the cell cycle or promote apoptosis

A

Tumor suppressors

70
Q

What percentage of breast cancer cases are linked to inherited gene mutations?

A

5-10%

71
Q

What are known risk factors of breast cancer?

A

Smoking, obesity, alcohol, exposure to carcinogens, increased estrogen exposure

72
Q

How many carcinogens are in cigarettes?

A

At least 70 confirmed

73
Q

What does sunscreen do?

A

Spray and lotion molecules absorb and dissipate energy so it doesn’t harm DNA

74
Q

What are examples of oncogenes?

A

Growth factors, RTKs, GTPases, transcription factors

Bio 1113 (22 decks)

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