Chapter 5: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Answer 1

Aldehyde (altose)

Question 2

What is the rarest version of the sugars?

Answer 2

Oligosaccharides

Question 3

What are the three glycogen storage disorders?

Answer 3

Pompe disease (accumulation of glycogen in lysosome), Anderson’s disease (abnormal glycogen builds up), and von Gierke’s disease (can’t break down glycogen to release glucose)

Question 4

What does the dehydration rxn between two monosaccharides form?

Answer 4

Glycosidic linkages

Question 5

What two sugars are associated with starch?

Answer 5

Amylose and amylopectin

Question 6

What is cellulose?

Answer 6

A structural polysaccharide made of beta-glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages and it never branches

Question 7

What are the three structural polysaccharides?

Answer 7

Chitin, peptidoglycan, and cellulose

Question 8

Why do plants store glucose?

Answer 8

They lose their leaves and can’t go through photosynthesis so they rely on storage

Question 9

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

Answer 9

Glycogen is highly branched and strach is not. Starch is in plants and glycogen is in animals

Question 10

What is the key characteristic of polysaccharide structure?

Answer 10

A few hundred to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 11

What is peptidoglycan?

Answer 11

A structural polysaccharide with amino acids attached to it

Question 12

What are carbohydrates often the starting point for?

Answer 12

Other molecules like amino acids and nucleic acids

Question 13

Answer 13

Glycosidic linkage

Question 14

How can animals, like cows, break down cellulose?

Answer 14

They have microorganisms in their gut that break it down

Question 15

Blood type O-

Answer 15

Universal donor

Question 16

What is the storage polysaccharide for animals?

Answer 16

Glycogen

Question 17

Answer 17

Alpha-glucose

Question 18

What are the two purposes of polysaccharides?

Answer 18

Storage and structure

Question 19

What sugar is fuel for the brain and the brain has a process to create it by itself?

Answer 19

Glucose

Question 20

What do glucose and fructose make?

Answer 20

Sucrose

Question 21

What is cellulose also referred to as?

Answer 21

Dietary fiber

Question 22

Why can we get energy (calories) from starch but not cellulose?

Answer 22

We don’t have an enzyme to break down cellulose like we have one for starch. Even though they are similar, enzymes are very specific

Question 23

What are the different ways monosaccharides can be classified?

Answer 23

Location of carbonyl group, length of carbon skeleton, and arrangement around asymmetric carbons

Question 24

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Answer 24

Glucose - C6H12O6

Question 25

What is starch?

Answer 25

Polymer of alpha-glucose molecules joined by mostly 1-4 glycosidic linkages that is a storage polysaccharide for plants

Question 26

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 26

Provide carbon skeletons for more complex molecules, structural support (cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan), and energy storage (photosynthesis, glucose used to make ATP)

Question 27

How many sugars are in polysaccharides?

Answer 27

Hundreds

Question 28

What important role do carbohydrates play in cell-cell recognition?

Answer 28

They are specific markers on the surface of the cells. Anything without them is thought of as an invader and attacked by the immune system

Question 29

How can hexoses differ?

Answer 29

Arrangement around asymmetric carbons

Question 30

Where is chitin found?

Answer 30

Cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

Question 31

What are two of the cell markers that include carbohydrates?

Answer 31

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 32

What problems are associated with not being able to use/break down/store carbohydrates efficiently?

Answer 32

Fatigue, diabetes, lactose intolerance, hard to put on weight, malnourishment, galactosemia, and glycogen storage disorders

Question 33

Why can't anyone give anyone blood or an organ?

Answer 33

Different people have different blood types and cell markers that would be attacked in another body

Question 34

What is the key characteristic of disaccharide structure?

Answer 34

Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond (glycosidic linkage)

Question 35

What is glycogen?

Answer 35

Polymer of alpha-glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages that is a storage polysaccharide for animals

Question 36

Where is cellulose found?

Answer 36

Plant cell walls. They produce a combined 100 billion tons of it a day

Question 37

Answer 37

Beta-glucose

Question 38

How can pentoses differ?

Answer 38

Length of carbon skeleton

Question 39

What is a key structural characteristic of glycogen?

Answer 39

It is highly branched. There are lots of glucose molecules in a small area

Question 40

How do liver cells distinguish themselves from muscle cells?

Answer 40

Carbohydrate cellular recognition

Question 41

How many sugars are in disaccharides?

Answer 41

2

Question 42

What do you do with an excess of glucose?

Answer 42

Store it to use later when none is available

Question 43

What causes lactose intolerance?

Answer 43

Lack of the enzyme needed to break down lactose. The bacteria in the stomach eat the lactose and produce gas and other issues as a result

Question 44

What is a carbohydrate marker associated with blood?

Answer 44

Antigens

Question 45

Blood type AB+

Answer 45

Universal recipient

Question 46

How many sugars are in oligosaccharides?

Answer 46

3 to somewhere around 100

Question 47

What are sugars the polymer of?

Answer 47

Sugars

Question 48

Where is peptidoglycan found?

Answer 48

Cell wall of bacteria

Question 49

How many sugars are in monosaccharides?

Answer 49

1

Question 50

What are the properties of monosaccharides?

Answer 50

Water soluble, sweet, and most have chemical formulas that are some multiple of CH2O

Question 51

What molecule is carb loading associated with?

Answer 51

Glycogen

Question 52

Answer 52

Ketone (Ketose)

Question 53

What is the difference between an aldehyde (aldoses) and a ketone (ketoses)?

Answer 53

Location of the carbonyl group

Question 54

What is chitin?

Answer 54

A structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of modified glucose molecules (NAG)

Question 55

What is the storage polysaccharide for plants?

Answer 55

Starch

Question 56

What is the differnece between starch and cellulose?

Answer 56

Starch has 1-4 glycosidic linkages between alpha glucose and cellulose has 1-4 glycosidic linkages between beta glucose. We can break down starch but not cellulose because we lack the enzyme to break down cellulose