Chapter 5: Carbohydrates Flashcards
Aldehyde (altose)
What is the rarest version of the sugars?
Oligosaccharides
What are the three glycogen storage disorders?
Pompe disease (accumulation of glycogen in lysosome), Anderson’s disease (abnormal glycogen builds up), and von Gierke’s disease (can’t break down glycogen to release glucose)
What does the dehydration rxn between two monosaccharides form?
Glycosidic linkages
What two sugars are associated with starch?
Amylose and amylopectin
What is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide made of beta-glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages and it never branches
What are the three structural polysaccharides?
Chitin, peptidoglycan, and cellulose
Why do plants store glucose?
They lose their leaves and can’t go through photosynthesis so they rely on storage
What is the difference between starch and glycogen?
Glycogen is highly branched and strach is not. Starch is in plants and glycogen is in animals
What is the key characteristic of polysaccharide structure?
A few hundred to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
What is peptidoglycan?
A structural polysaccharide with amino acids attached to it
What are carbohydrates often the starting point for?
Other molecules like amino acids and nucleic acids
Glycosidic linkage
How can animals, like cows, break down cellulose?
They have microorganisms in their gut that break it down
Blood type O-
Universal donor
What is the storage polysaccharide for animals?
Glycogen
Alpha-glucose
What are the two purposes of polysaccharides?
Storage and structure
What sugar is fuel for the brain and the brain has a process to create it by itself?
Glucose
What do glucose and fructose make?
Sucrose
What is cellulose also referred to as?
Dietary fiber
Why can we get energy (calories) from starch but not cellulose?
We don’t have an enzyme to break down cellulose like we have one for starch. Even though they are similar, enzymes are very specific
What are the different ways monosaccharides can be classified?
Location of carbonyl group, length of carbon skeleton, and arrangement around asymmetric carbons
What is the most common monosaccharide?
Glucose - C6H12O6
What is starch?
Polymer of alpha-glucose molecules joined by mostly 1-4 glycosidic linkages that is a storage polysaccharide for plants
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Provide carbon skeletons for more complex molecules, structural support (cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan), and energy storage (photosynthesis, glucose used to make ATP)
How many sugars are in polysaccharides?
Hundreds
What important role do carbohydrates play in cell-cell recognition?
They are specific markers on the surface of the cells. Anything without them is thought of as an invader and attacked by the immune system
How can hexoses differ?
Arrangement around asymmetric carbons
Where is chitin found?
Cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
What are two of the cell markers that include carbohydrates?
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
What problems are associated with not being able to use/break down/store carbohydrates efficiently?
Fatigue, diabetes, lactose intolerance, hard to put on weight, malnourishment, galactosemia, and glycogen storage disorders
Why can’t anyone give anyone blood or an organ?
Different people have different blood types and cell markers that would be attacked in another body
What is the key characteristic of disaccharide structure?
Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond (glycosidic linkage)
What is glycogen?
Polymer of alpha-glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages that is a storage polysaccharide for animals
Where is cellulose found?
Plant cell walls. They produce a combined 100 billion tons of it a day
Beta-glucose
How can pentoses differ?
Length of carbon skeleton
What is a key structural characteristic of glycogen?
It is highly branched. There are lots of glucose molecules in a small area
How do liver cells distinguish themselves from muscle cells?
Carbohydrate cellular recognition
How many sugars are in disaccharides?
2
What do you do with an excess of glucose?
Store it to use later when none is available
What causes lactose intolerance?
Lack of the enzyme needed to break down lactose. The bacteria in the stomach eat the lactose and produce gas and other issues as a result
What is a carbohydrate marker associated with blood?
Antigens
Blood type AB+
Universal recipient
How many sugars are in oligosaccharides?
3 to somewhere around 100
What are sugars the polymer of?
Sugars
Where is peptidoglycan found?
Cell wall of bacteria
How many sugars are in monosaccharides?
1
What are the properties of monosaccharides?
Water soluble, sweet, and most have chemical formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
What molecule is carb loading associated with?
Glycogen
Ketone (Ketose)
What is the difference between an aldehyde (aldoses) and a ketone (ketoses)?
Location of the carbonyl group
What is chitin?
A structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of modified glucose molecules (NAG)
What is the storage polysaccharide for plants?
Starch
What is the differnece between starch and cellulose?
Starch has 1-4 glycosidic linkages between alpha glucose and cellulose has 1-4 glycosidic linkages between beta glucose. We can break down starch but not cellulose because we lack the enzyme to break down cellulose
