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Bio 1113 > Chapter 5: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A

Aldehyde (altose)

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2
Q

What is the rarest version of the sugars?

A

Oligosaccharides

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3
Q

What are the three glycogen storage disorders?

A

Pompe disease (accumulation of glycogen in lysosome), Anderson’s disease (abnormal glycogen builds up), and von Gierke’s disease (can’t break down glycogen to release glucose)

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4
Q

What does the dehydration rxn between two monosaccharides form?

A

Glycosidic linkages

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5
Q

What two sugars are associated with starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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6
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A structural polysaccharide made of beta-glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages and it never branches

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7
Q

What are the three structural polysaccharides?

A

Chitin, peptidoglycan, and cellulose

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8
Q

Why do plants store glucose?

A

They lose their leaves and can’t go through photosynthesis so they rely on storage

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9
Q

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

A

Glycogen is highly branched and strach is not. Starch is in plants and glycogen is in animals

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10
Q

What is the key characteristic of polysaccharide structure?

A

A few hundred to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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11
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A structural polysaccharide with amino acids attached to it

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates often the starting point for?

A

Other molecules like amino acids and nucleic acids

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13
Q
A

Glycosidic linkage

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14
Q

How can animals, like cows, break down cellulose?

A

They have microorganisms in their gut that break it down

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15
Q

Blood type O-

A

Universal donor

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16
Q

What is the storage polysaccharide for animals?

A

Glycogen

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17
Q
A

Alpha-glucose

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18
Q

What are the two purposes of polysaccharides?

A

Storage and structure

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19
Q

What sugar is fuel for the brain and the brain has a process to create it by itself?

A

Glucose

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20
Q

What do glucose and fructose make?

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

What is cellulose also referred to as?

A

Dietary fiber

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22
Q

Why can we get energy (calories) from starch but not cellulose?

A

We don’t have an enzyme to break down cellulose like we have one for starch. Even though they are similar, enzymes are very specific

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23
Q

What are the different ways monosaccharides can be classified?

A

Location of carbonyl group, length of carbon skeleton, and arrangement around asymmetric carbons

24
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose - C6H12O6

25
Q

What is starch?

A

Polymer of alpha-glucose molecules joined by mostly 1-4 glycosidic linkages that is a storage polysaccharide for plants

26
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Provide carbon skeletons for more complex molecules, structural support (cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan), and energy storage (photosynthesis, glucose used to make ATP)

27
Q

How many sugars are in polysaccharides?

A

Hundreds

28
Q

What important role do carbohydrates play in cell-cell recognition?

A

They are specific markers on the surface of the cells. Anything without them is thought of as an invader and attacked by the immune system

29
Q

How can hexoses differ?

A

Arrangement around asymmetric carbons

30
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

Cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

31
Q

What are two of the cell markers that include carbohydrates?

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

32
Q

What problems are associated with not being able to use/break down/store carbohydrates efficiently?

A

Fatigue, diabetes, lactose intolerance, hard to put on weight, malnourishment, galactosemia, and glycogen storage disorders

33
Q

Why can’t anyone give anyone blood or an organ?

A

Different people have different blood types and cell markers that would be attacked in another body

34
Q

What is the key characteristic of disaccharide structure?

A

Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond (glycosidic linkage)

35
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Polymer of alpha-glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages that is a storage polysaccharide for animals

36
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls. They produce a combined 100 billion tons of it a day

37
Q
A

Beta-glucose

38
Q

How can pentoses differ?

A

Length of carbon skeleton

39
Q

What is a key structural characteristic of glycogen?

A

It is highly branched. There are lots of glucose molecules in a small area

40
Q

How do liver cells distinguish themselves from muscle cells?

A

Carbohydrate cellular recognition

41
Q

How many sugars are in disaccharides?

A

2

42
Q

What do you do with an excess of glucose?

A

Store it to use later when none is available

43
Q

What causes lactose intolerance?

A

Lack of the enzyme needed to break down lactose. The bacteria in the stomach eat the lactose and produce gas and other issues as a result

44
Q

What is a carbohydrate marker associated with blood?

A

Antigens

45
Q

Blood type AB+

A

Universal recipient

46
Q

How many sugars are in oligosaccharides?

A

3 to somewhere around 100

47
Q

What are sugars the polymer of?

A

Sugars

48
Q

Where is peptidoglycan found?

A

Cell wall of bacteria

49
Q

How many sugars are in monosaccharides?

A

1

50
Q

What are the properties of monosaccharides?

A

Water soluble, sweet, and most have chemical formulas that are some multiple of CH2O

51
Q

What molecule is carb loading associated with?

A

Glycogen

52
Q
A

Ketone (Ketose)

53
Q

What is the difference between an aldehyde (aldoses) and a ketone (ketoses)?

A

Location of the carbonyl group

54
Q

What is chitin?

A

A structural polysaccharide that is a polymer of modified glucose molecules (NAG)

55
Q

What is the storage polysaccharide for plants?

A

Starch

56
Q

What is the differnece between starch and cellulose?

A

Starch has 1-4 glycosidic linkages between alpha glucose and cellulose has 1-4 glycosidic linkages between beta glucose. We can break down starch but not cellulose because we lack the enzyme to break down cellulose

Bio 1113 (22 decks)

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