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Psychology 220 > Chapter 9 and 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 and 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Middle childhood age

A

6-12 (school age)

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2
Q

Each year children grow _____cm and _____ kg

A

5-8cm

2.75kg

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3
Q

Girls at this age have

A

Slightly less muscle and more fat

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4
Q

Larger muscle coordination continue to improve, resulting in

A

New skills like riding bikes, strength and speed increases, and hand eye coordination

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5
Q

Fine motor skills changes account for

A

Improved writing skills
Ability to play instrument
Drawing
Cutting

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6
Q

Sex differences account for girls to be

And boys to be

A

Girls to be better coordinated but slower than boys

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7
Q

Steady increases in the _______ of neural axons across the _________

A

Myelinzation

Cerebral cortex

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8
Q

The _________ continues to improve causing

A

Reticular formation

Far better improved attention skills

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9
Q

Selective attention

A

Ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or a situation

Test is blue instead of white, doesn’t matter, the test is important

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10
Q

Association areas

A

Parts of brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked

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11
Q

Spatial perception

A

The ability to identify and act on relationships between objects in space

Imagining a rooms furniture moving

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12
Q

Relative right or left orientation

A

The ability to identify right and left from multiple perspective

The left of my throat, the doctors right

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13
Q

Spatial cognition

A

Ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space

Driving and deciding if you have enough space to pass a moving car

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14
Q

Human connectome

A

The map of stuctural and functional neural connections of the human brain and nervous system

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15
Q

By age 9, ___/____ of children are ______

A

1/3 tired in morning

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16
Q

Most common cause of death in children age 5-9

A

Unintentional injury

30 percent of fatalities

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17
Q

Fatal injury reasons

A

Car accidents and drowning

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18
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

Injury to head that fucks brain function

Loss of consciousness, confusion or drowsiness

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19
Q

Underweight BMI

A

BMI below 5th percentile

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20
Q

Overweight

A

BMI above 85th percentile

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21
Q

Obese

A

BMI above 95th percentile

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22
Q

Kids who are fat at a young age tend to

A

Be fat at an older age

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23
Q

Being overweight can lead to ___________

A

Type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease

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24
Q

Children in this age are in Piaget’s ________ stage

A

Concrete operational

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25
Q

Concrete operational stage review

A

The 3rd stage

Children think logically about objects and events in real world

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26
Q

Decentration

A

Thinking that takes multiple variables into account

The color of the dog, the size, the texture

Not just colour

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27
Q

Reversibility

A

Understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be revered

A clay ball can be made into a sausage and back into a ball

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28
Q

Inductive logic

A

Type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences

“Friends parents have big house and servants, therefore they’re rich”

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29
Q

Deductive logic

A

Type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises that require predicting a specific outcome from a general principle

Asking a child if a whale is a fish, child will incorrectly guess it as a fish as it has attributes of a fish

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30
Q

Horizontal declage

A

The time is takes children to apply their new cognitive skills to all kinds of problems

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31
Q

Class Inclusion

A

Understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superprdiante classes

Bananas>fruit>food

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32
Q

Processing efficiency

A

The ability to make efficient use of short term memory capacity

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33
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability to recall information from long term memory without using short term memory capacity

7x7
Child can say 49 without really thinking about it

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34
Q

Executive processes

A

Information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and problem solving

Based on knowing how the mind works

10 year old know better than 8 year olds that attending to a story requires effort

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35
Q

Memory strategies

A

Learned methods for remembering information

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36
Q

Expertise

A

The more knowledge a person has about a topic, the more efficiently their information processing system will work

Adavanved skills in one area does not open memory to all

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37
Q

Rehearsal

A

Saying a phone number over and over again when going to punch it in

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38
Q

Organization

A

Grouping ideas together

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39
Q

Elaboration

A

Finding shared meaning for two or more things

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40
Q

Mnemonic

A

ROY G BIV

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41
Q

Systematic searching

A

Scanning the memory

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42
Q

Language at 5-6

A

Children mastered their language basics

Can have strong conversation and act like a mini adult

5000-10000 new words per year

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43
Q

Literacy

A

Ability to read and write

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44
Q

Systematic and explicit phonics

A

Planned, specific instructions in sound - letter correspondence

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45
Q

Balenced approach

A

Reading instructions that combines explicit phonics instructions with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy

Phonics + other = literacy

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46
Q

Bilingual education

A

Children get instructions in 2 different languages

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47
Q

Achievement test

A

Designed to assess specific Information learned in school

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48
Q

Assessment (don’t over think this)

A

Formal and Informal methods of gathering info that can be used for programming to improve student learning

No marks or grades

49
Q

Evaluations

A

Assigning grades or marks to students performance

50
Q

Howard gardeners theory of multiple intelligence

A

8 different aspects of intelligence

Some have many, some have few

Linguistic
Logical / math
Music 
Spatial 
Body 
Naturalistic 
Interpersonal 
Intrapersonal
51
Q

Robert sternvergs triarchric theory of intelligence

A

Contextual intelligence
Experiential intelligence
Componential intelligence

52
Q

Contextual intelligence

A

Knowing the right behavior for specific situation

53
Q

Experiential intelligence

A

Involves leaning to give specific responses without thinking about them

54
Q

Componential intelligence

A

Persons ability to come up with effective strategies

55
Q

Daniel Goldman’s theory of emotional intelligence

A

1) awareness of our own emotions
2) ability to express our emotions appropriately
3) capacity to channel our emotions into pursuits of worthwhile goals

56
Q

Group difference in achievement

A

Boys and girls IQ test are similar

Girls get better marks in school than boys

57
Q

Analytical style

A

Tendency to focus on the details of a task

58
Q

Relational style

A

Tendency to ignore details of a task in order to focus on the big picture

59
Q

Types of exceptionalities

A 
Behavior disorders 
Comminication disorders 
Sensory impairment 
Intellectual differences
Physical disorders 
Impaired health
60
Q

Various disabilities and attention problems are correlated with ______

A

Achievement

61
Q

Teaches now place ________________ on a child’s ____________

A

Teaches now place emphasis on a child’s academic strengths and style of processing information

62
Q

Learning disability

A

Disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill

63
Q

Exceptional child

A

Child who has special learning needs

Either disabled or gifted

64
Q

Program accommodations

A

Adjustment of teaching methods in order to help child who has special needs

65
Q

Modified programs

A

Changes in curriculum so modified outcome differs from standard curriculum

66
Q

Individual education plan

A

Written document containing learning and behavioural objectives

67
Q

Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A disorder that makes it difficult to attend and complete tasks

68
Q

Cause of ADHD

A

Unknown

69
Q

Infants born early are more prone to

A

ADHD

70
Q

_____ children require more sensory stimulation

A

ADHD

71
Q

ADHD is uncaused by

A

Toxins, diet, and environment

72
Q

Parents have a major effect on ADHD child as they may treat them

A

Differently, as hopeless causes. Mean and abusing

73
Q

ADHD make it so those who have the impairment have difficulty ____

A

Sleeping

74
Q

Characteristics of ADHD

A

Higher activity level
Lower ability to sustain attention
Low impulse control

75
Q

3 types of ADHD

A

Hyperactive-impulsive

Inattentive

Combined

76
Q

Treatment for ADHD

A

Ritilin

77
Q

Middle childhood years social and personality development

A

Self perceived competence

78
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

Middle childhood years is about emotional bonds!!

Bond with peers opposed to parents

Freud

79
Q

Ericsson’s view

A

Industry vs inferiority

Child develops sense of their own competence though mastering culturally defined tasks

80
Q

Big 5 personality traits (OCEAN)

A 
Openness 
Consciousness 
Extraversion
Aggreablenss 
Neuroticism
81
Q

Trait

A

Stable pattern of responding to situations

82
Q

Extraversion

A

High activity level, social, positive emotions

83
Q

Agreeableness

A

Effort control
Positive emotion
Generous
Kinda

84
Q

Consciousness

A

Organized, reliable, responsible

Effortful control

85
Q

Neuroticism

A

Negative emotion
Unstable
Worry

86
Q

Openness

A

Approach new situations

Curious

87
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

BANDURA

All about how the environment, behavior and personality affect a person

88
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The 3 factors working their magic

Environmental, Behaviorul, and personal

89
Q

Psychological self

A

Persons understanding of their psychological characteristics

The older you get the more complex you think

90
Q

Self efficacy

A

Individuals belief in her capacity to cause an intended event to occur

91
Q

What helps self efficacy

A

Peer models

Encouragement from knowledgeable peoplE

Individuals real LIFE EXPERIENCES

92
Q

Self esteem

A

The global evaluation of ones own self worth

93
Q

How self esteem develops

A

Mental comparisons of children’s ideal selves and their actual experiences

94
Q

One challenging aspect of self concept is

A

Spiritual self

95
Q

Children’s ability to understand others is enhanced by the development of a __________

A

Theory of mind

96
Q

Moral reasoning

A

Process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of a specific act

97
Q

Moral realism stage

A

First of Piaget’s stages of moral development

Children believe rules are inflexible

Rules are made and made for a reason

98
Q

Moral relativism stage

A

Second of Piaget’s moral reasoning stage

Many rules can be changed through social agreement

Give batters 4 strikes opposed to 3

99
Q

Self regulation

A

Children’s ability to conform to parental standards or behavior without supervision

100
Q

What leads a child to self regulate

A

Parents own ability to self regulate

They’re the child’s model

Higher expectations with parental supervision helps too

101
Q

Having a ______ is super important! By age ten you build _______ trust

A

Best friend

Reciprocal

102
Q

Gender segregation

A

Boys play with boys

Girls play with girls

103
Q

Boys play

A

Outdoors and roam large areas

Competition and dominance

104
Q

Girls play

A

In small groups or pairs, fairly exclusive, indoors or near home

105
Q

Psychical aggression begins to be __________ as children __________

A

Less common

Learn the cultural rules about when and how much anger is acceptable

106
Q

At every age, boys show

A

More physical aggression and more assertiveness than girls

107
Q

Rational aggression

A

Aggression aimed at damaging another person self esteem or peer relationship

Gossiping, facial expressions

108
Q

Retaliatory aggression

A

Aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you

109
Q

Lower socioeconomic families show

A

More aggression than higher SES famailies

110
Q

Social status types

A

Popular

Rejected

Neglected

111
Q

Popular

A

Attractive children, physically larger,

112
Q

Rejected

A

Different from ones peers

Shy children

Highly creative

Troubles with emotions

113
Q

Children’s social behavior is more inportant than ______ or ______

A

Looks or temperament

114
Q

Neglect

A

Children who are neglected experience depression and loneliness

115
Q

Self care children

A

Children who are home alone after school for an hour or more

116
Q

Self care children are more

A

Poorly adjusted in school performance and peer relationships

117
Q

Children under 10 do not have the skills to

A

Evaluate risks and emergencies when home alone

118
Q

How many hours of tv is sughested

A

2 hours or less

119
Q

Canadian children between 2 and 11 watch

A

21 hours of screens a week

Tv is an impact on children

Psychology 220 (10 decks)

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