Chapter 9 and 10 Flashcards
Middle childhood age
6-12 (school age)
Each year children grow _____cm and _____ kg
5-8cm
2.75kg
Girls at this age have
Slightly less muscle and more fat
Larger muscle coordination continue to improve, resulting in
New skills like riding bikes, strength and speed increases, and hand eye coordination
Fine motor skills changes account for
Improved writing skills
Ability to play instrument
Drawing
Cutting
Sex differences account for girls to be
And boys to be
Girls to be better coordinated but slower than boys
Steady increases in the _______ of neural axons across the _________
Myelinzation
Cerebral cortex
The _________ continues to improve causing
Reticular formation
Far better improved attention skills
Selective attention
Ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or a situation
Test is blue instead of white, doesn’t matter, the test is important
Association areas
Parts of brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked
Spatial perception
The ability to identify and act on relationships between objects in space
Imagining a rooms furniture moving
Relative right or left orientation
The ability to identify right and left from multiple perspective
The left of my throat, the doctors right
Spatial cognition
Ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space
Driving and deciding if you have enough space to pass a moving car
Human connectome
The map of stuctural and functional neural connections of the human brain and nervous system
By age 9, ___/____ of children are ______
1/3 tired in morning
Most common cause of death in children age 5-9
Unintentional injury
30 percent of fatalities
Fatal injury reasons
Car accidents and drowning
Traumatic brain injury
Injury to head that fucks brain function
Loss of consciousness, confusion or drowsiness
Underweight BMI
BMI below 5th percentile
Overweight
BMI above 85th percentile
Obese
BMI above 95th percentile
Kids who are fat at a young age tend to
Be fat at an older age
Being overweight can lead to ___________
Type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease
Children in this age are in Piaget’s ________ stage
Concrete operational
Concrete operational stage review
The 3rd stage
Children think logically about objects and events in real world
Decentration
Thinking that takes multiple variables into account
The color of the dog, the size, the texture
Not just colour
Reversibility
Understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be revered
A clay ball can be made into a sausage and back into a ball
Inductive logic
Type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences
“Friends parents have big house and servants, therefore they’re rich”
Deductive logic
Type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises that require predicting a specific outcome from a general principle
Asking a child if a whale is a fish, child will incorrectly guess it as a fish as it has attributes of a fish
Horizontal declage
The time is takes children to apply their new cognitive skills to all kinds of problems
Class Inclusion
Understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superprdiante classes
Bananas>fruit>food
Processing efficiency
The ability to make efficient use of short term memory capacity
Automaticity
Ability to recall information from long term memory without using short term memory capacity
7x7
Child can say 49 without really thinking about it
Executive processes
Information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and problem solving
Based on knowing how the mind works
10 year old know better than 8 year olds that attending to a story requires effort
Memory strategies
Learned methods for remembering information
Expertise
The more knowledge a person has about a topic, the more efficiently their information processing system will work
Adavanved skills in one area does not open memory to all
Rehearsal
Saying a phone number over and over again when going to punch it in
Organization
Grouping ideas together
Elaboration
Finding shared meaning for two or more things
Mnemonic
ROY G BIV
Systematic searching
Scanning the memory
Language at 5-6
Children mastered their language basics
Can have strong conversation and act like a mini adult
5000-10000 new words per year
Literacy
Ability to read and write
Systematic and explicit phonics
Planned, specific instructions in sound - letter correspondence
Balenced approach
Reading instructions that combines explicit phonics instructions with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy
Phonics + other = literacy
Bilingual education
Children get instructions in 2 different languages
Achievement test
Designed to assess specific Information learned in school
Assessment (don’t over think this)
Formal and Informal methods of gathering info that can be used for programming to improve student learning
No marks or grades
Evaluations
Assigning grades or marks to students performance
Howard gardeners theory of multiple intelligence
8 different aspects of intelligence
Some have many, some have few
Linguistic Logical / math Music Spatial Body Naturalistic Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Robert sternvergs triarchric theory of intelligence
Contextual intelligence
Experiential intelligence
Componential intelligence
Contextual intelligence
Knowing the right behavior for specific situation
Experiential intelligence
Involves leaning to give specific responses without thinking about them
Componential intelligence
Persons ability to come up with effective strategies
Daniel Goldman’s theory of emotional intelligence
1) awareness of our own emotions
2) ability to express our emotions appropriately
3) capacity to channel our emotions into pursuits of worthwhile goals
Group difference in achievement
Boys and girls IQ test are similar
Girls get better marks in school than boys
Analytical style
Tendency to focus on the details of a task
Relational style
Tendency to ignore details of a task in order to focus on the big picture
Types of exceptionalities
Behavior disorders Comminication disorders Sensory impairment Intellectual differences Physical disorders Impaired health
Various disabilities and attention problems are correlated with ______
Achievement
Teaches now place ________________ on a child’s ____________
Teaches now place emphasis on a child’s academic strengths and style of processing information
Learning disability
Disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill
Exceptional child
Child who has special learning needs
Either disabled or gifted
Program accommodations
Adjustment of teaching methods in order to help child who has special needs
Modified programs
Changes in curriculum so modified outcome differs from standard curriculum
Individual education plan
Written document containing learning and behavioural objectives
Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A disorder that makes it difficult to attend and complete tasks
Cause of ADHD
Unknown
Infants born early are more prone to
ADHD
_____ children require more sensory stimulation
ADHD
ADHD is uncaused by
Toxins, diet, and environment
Parents have a major effect on ADHD child as they may treat them
Differently, as hopeless causes. Mean and abusing
ADHD make it so those who have the impairment have difficulty ____
Sleeping
Characteristics of ADHD
Higher activity level
Lower ability to sustain attention
Low impulse control
3 types of ADHD
Hyperactive-impulsive
Inattentive
Combined
Treatment for ADHD
Ritilin
Middle childhood years social and personality development
Self perceived competence
Psychoanalytic perspective
Middle childhood years is about emotional bonds!!
Bond with peers opposed to parents
Freud
Ericsson’s view
Industry vs inferiority
Child develops sense of their own competence though mastering culturally defined tasks
Big 5 personality traits (OCEAN)
Openness Consciousness Extraversion Aggreablenss Neuroticism
Trait
Stable pattern of responding to situations
Extraversion
High activity level, social, positive emotions
Agreeableness
Effort control
Positive emotion
Generous
Kinda
Consciousness
Organized, reliable, responsible
Effortful control
Neuroticism
Negative emotion
Unstable
Worry
Openness
Approach new situations
Curious
Social cognitive perspective
BANDURA
All about how the environment, behavior and personality affect a person
Reciprocal determinism
The 3 factors working their magic
Environmental, Behaviorul, and personal
Psychological self
Persons understanding of their psychological characteristics
The older you get the more complex you think
Self efficacy
Individuals belief in her capacity to cause an intended event to occur
What helps self efficacy
Peer models
Encouragement from knowledgeable peoplE
Individuals real LIFE EXPERIENCES
Self esteem
The global evaluation of ones own self worth
How self esteem develops
Mental comparisons of children’s ideal selves and their actual experiences
One challenging aspect of self concept is
Spiritual self
Children’s ability to understand others is enhanced by the development of a __________
Theory of mind
Moral reasoning
Process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of a specific act
Moral realism stage
First of Piaget’s stages of moral development
Children believe rules are inflexible
Rules are made and made for a reason
Moral relativism stage
Second of Piaget’s moral reasoning stage
Many rules can be changed through social agreement
Give batters 4 strikes opposed to 3
Self regulation
Children’s ability to conform to parental standards or behavior without supervision
What leads a child to self regulate
Parents own ability to self regulate
They’re the child’s model
Higher expectations with parental supervision helps too
Having a ______ is super important! By age ten you build _______ trust
Best friend
Reciprocal
Gender segregation
Boys play with boys
Girls play with girls
Boys play
Outdoors and roam large areas
Competition and dominance
Girls play
In small groups or pairs, fairly exclusive, indoors or near home
Psychical aggression begins to be __________ as children __________
Less common
Learn the cultural rules about when and how much anger is acceptable
At every age, boys show
More physical aggression and more assertiveness than girls
Rational aggression
Aggression aimed at damaging another person self esteem or peer relationship
Gossiping, facial expressions
Retaliatory aggression
Aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you
Lower socioeconomic families show
More aggression than higher SES famailies
Social status types
Popular
Rejected
Neglected
Popular
Attractive children, physically larger,
Rejected
Different from ones peers
Shy children
Highly creative
Troubles with emotions
Children’s social behavior is more inportant than ______ or ______
Looks or temperament
Neglect
Children who are neglected experience depression and loneliness
Self care children
Children who are home alone after school for an hour or more
Self care children are more
Poorly adjusted in school performance and peer relationships
Children under 10 do not have the skills to
Evaluate risks and emergencies when home alone
How many hours of tv is sughested
2 hours or less
Canadian children between 2 and 11 watch
21 hours of screens a week
Tv is an impact on children
