Chapter 17 and 18 Flashcards
Centenarian
Someone who lives to be 100 or older
Geronotology
The scientific study of aging
Canadian longitudinal study on aging
Giant test with over 50,000 people to see how old they live and various factors that kill them off
The 3 subgroups
Young-old
Old-old
Oldest-old
Young-old
60-75
Old-old
75-85
Oldest-old
85 and up
The maximum life span is about
120 years
Senescence
Physical changes and declines associated with aging
Hayflick limit
The theoretical proposal that each species is subject to a genetically programmed role limit, after a cell can not longer replicate itself
Telomere
At the tip of each chromosome is a mechanism to server as a time keeping mechanism
Cross linking
The formation of undesirable bonds between proteins or fats
Free radicals
Molecules or atoms that possess an unpaired electron
Cellular damage
The organisms inability to repair breaks in DNA strands results in a loss of cellular function, leading to age
In the absence of ________, and organism would waste away once the existing adult cells had reached the ______________
Stem cells
Hayflick limit
The _____ determines the maximum Lifespan of different species
Genotype
The variation in longetivity affected by the accumulation over time of epigenetic errors that ______________________
Compromise adult stem cell function
Functional status
Measure of an individuals ability to perform certain roles and tasks, particularly self help tasks and other chores of daily living
Daily living tasks are grouped into two groups. What are they?
Activities of daily living
Instrumental activities of daily living
Activities of daily living
Bathing, dressing, using the toilet, etc
Instrumental activities of daily living
Includes doing housework, cooking, and managing money
Frail elderly
Seniors who’s physical and cognitive impairments are so severe they can not care for themselves
Majority of older Canadian adults regard their health as
Good or excellent
____ is the single largest factor determining the trajectory of an adults physical or mental status over the years beyond _____
Health
65
The physical problems or diseases that are most likely to contribute to some functional disability in late adulthood are:
Arthiritis and hypertension
As much as half of the decline in physical (and even cognitive) function can be prevented through:
Improved lifestyle, especially exercise
_________ is more important in _____ than in _______
Physical exercise
Later years than younger years
Four major changes occur in the brain during the adult years. What are they?
Reduction of brain weight
Loss of grey matter
Decline in density of dendrites
Slower synaptic transmission speeds
Synaptic plasticity
The redundancy in the nervous system that ensures it is nearly always possible for a nerve impulse to move from on neuron to another or from a neuron to another type of cell
Losing ____ is not only primary agin, but is linked to _____
Dendrites
Education
Loss of dendrites results in the ______ of synaptic speed and therefore slowing in ___________
Slowing
Reaction time
Tinnitus
Persistent ringing in the ears
Prebyopia
Farsightedness
An enlarged ________ on the retina reduces field of vision
Blind spot
The pupil does not widen or narrow as much or as quickly, resulting in more difficulty seeing at _________ and responding to ___________________
Night
Rapid changes in brightness
Diseases of the eyes include
Cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration
The ability to hear _________ sounds is diminished, especially under ___________
High-frequency sounds
Under noisy conditions
_____ lose more hearing that ____. This is due to their exposure to loud noises at ______
Men
Women
Work
___________ is associated with social and psychological problems
Severe hearing loss
The ability to taste the 5 basic flavours does not ____________
Decline over the adult years
The sense of _____ clearly deteriorates in old age
Smell
A loss of sensitivity to _____ can have health issues such as burns or hypothermia
Touch
Satiety
Feeling of fullness that follows a meal
General slowing of brain activity interferes with older adults retrieval of the:
Knowledge needed to complete tasks
More frequent awakening occurs after age ___
65
Older people are more likely to wake _____ and go to bed _____
Earlier
Earlier
Imparied ____ may result in a constant feeling of hunger that cause over eating
Satiety
Older adults fall more often due to ______. Such falls result in more _________
Osteoporosis
More injuries
______ declines from middle adulthood to late adulthood for many reasons
Sexual activity
Reasons for reduced sexual activity
Decreasing testosterone in men
State of overall health
Medication side effects
More than ___% of adults continue to be sexually active in ole age
70
Dementia
Neurological disorder involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individuals emotional, social, and physical functioning
What mental health issue is the leading cause of institutionalizations
Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Very severe form of dementia, with an unknown cause
Vascular dementia
A form of dementia caused by one or more strokes
Most common form of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease has a very ____ early onset, which involves subtle memory difficulties and ________________
Slow
Repetitive conversations
How can long ago events or well rehearsed cognitive tasks stay retained for a long time?
There are multiple neural pathways the synapses can take
Eventually, alzeihmers leads to the failure to: ____________, ____________, __________________
Fail to recognize family members, inability to communicate, and inability to perform self care
Changes in ________ may result in someone with Alzheimer’s over eating. ________ and ________ are difficult to process. And some cannot control their _______, resulting in sudden bursts of rage
Appetite
Facial expressions and emotions
Emotions
The only way to be 100% certain about diagnosing Alzheimer’s is:
After the person has died
Medication to increase neurotransmitters seem to _____ the diseases progress
Slow
Geriatric dysthemia
Chronic depressed mood in older adults
Sighs of depression in old age maybe be seen as “________” by family members
Grumpiness
Depression is often left ________ or May be mistaken for ______ as both share symptoms of _____ and ___________
Untreated
Dementia
Confusion and memory loss
Risk factors for depression and dysthymia Include:
Inadequate social support
Health status 🎉
Poverty
Education level (stupid = depressed)
Suicide rates for all age groups have ____________
Raised significantly
_______ have higher depression rates but _________ are more than 5 times likely to commit suicide
Women
Elderly men
Treatment for old age depression may Include:
Physiotherapy Antidepressants Playing with kids Exercising Spiritual needs
The more any cognitive task makes the demand on _________ , the larger the ______ with age
Short term memory
Decline
Younger adults outperform older adults in memory tasks that have ____________
Recently happened
Older adults outperform younger adults on prospective memory tasks in ___________, such as their home
A natural setting
The ______ process takes longer for older adults. But with ______________ older adults performed the same as younger
Learning
MORE TIME
Age related memory decline is associated with changes in the ratio of ____________________
Grey to white matter in the brain
Older adults take longer to register new piece of information, _______ it and ______ it
Encode it
Retrieve it
Older adults who challenge themselves with ____________ can delay or even reverse the normal decline in ____________
Complex mental activities
Brain mass
Wisdom
Hypothesized cognitive character of older adults that includes accumulated knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge to practical problems
The speed of accessing wisdom related knowledge remains _______ across adulthood
Constant
Cohens four stages of creativity
Re-evaluation phase
Liberation phase
Summing up phase
Encore phase
Ego integrity vs despair stage
Last stage of Ericksons in which older adults must achieve a sense of satisfication with their lives
Ego integrity
The feeling that ones life has been worthwhile
Reminiscence
Reflecting on past experience
Life review
An evaluation process in which elders make judgments about past behavior
Activity theory
The idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible
Disengagement theory
The theory that it is normal for older adults to scale down their social lives and to seperate themselves from others to a certain degree
Disengagement theory 3 parts
Shinkrage of life space: interact with fewer people
Increased individuality: less governed by strict rules or expectations
Acceptance of these changes: disengages from roles and relationships
Continuity theory
Idea that older adults adapt lifelong interest and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging
Successful aging
Term used to describe maintaining ones physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfication with ones life as one ages
3 components of successful aging
Good physical health
Retention of cognitive abilities
Continuing engagement in social and productive activities
Older people recap the consequences they made when _______. The person ability to listen to doctors and go to therapy significantly depends on the _____________. Those who are motivated to______ are most likely to ______
Younger
Degree of recovery
Participate, succeed
The best educated show __________
The least cognitive decline
Verbal intelligence and education are related to ________ and _________
Physical health and social engagement
The willingness to learn new things contributes to _________
Successful aging
______________ is reported by those who have greater contact with friends and family
Higher life satisfication
Those who volunteer are _________ and _______ in their elder years
Healthier and happier
Life satisfication
Sense of personal well being
Criticism of the successful aging paradigm
Gives the impression effects of aging our under our control
Religious coping
Tendency to turn to religious beliefs and institutions in times of difficulty
_______ use religious coping more than _____. But the effects seem to be the same for both genders.
Women
Men
Religious seniors are likely to see their old age as ______ in an ongoing story and not as a period of ________________
Chapter in an ongoing story
Loss of capabilities
Canadian adults who regularly attend religious services are:
More optimistic, physically healthier, live longer
Satisfied with their lives
Less stressed
_______ and _____ changes are responsible for many of the inevitable role changes in old age
Physical and cognitive
The older people look, the more negatively others stereotype them. Often pushing them out of roles
This is sad 😢
Only 5% of age ____ live in long term care
65
In cananada, _______ is the most
Common choose among unmarried elders
Living alone
Factors that an elderly person will live with their child are:
Health
Income
Adult children’s characteristics
Public home care
Marita satisfication is higher in the late years, but is based on _______, ______, and ________ in the relationship
Loyalty
Familiarity
Mutual investment
Married people are the #1 _______ of spouses.
Caretakers
Rates of remarriage are higher for older _____ than ______. Married older adults have higher life satisfication, ________ and lower rates of institutionalizations
Men than women
Better health
Between 2/3 to 3/4 or older parents said their children see them _________
Once a week
Interactions between _________ and ________ are beneficial to both
Grandchildren
Grandparents
In late adulthood, contact between grandchildren and grandparents _______ as the grandchildren become adults themelsvee
Declines
Relationships with _____ May become Important, especially after ______ die
Siblings
Parents
Good relationships and regular contact with adult children can add to elderly adults _____________ but it is not necessary for it
Quality of life
Childless elders are just as happy and well adjusted as those with ______
Children
Relationships with children involve _____ and ________ that may add stress to a seniors life
Roles and expectations
Contact with friends has a significant impact on life satisfication, _________, and __________
Self esteem and loneliness
Relationships with friends allow the person to ____________ and May be less stressful than friendships with family
Be themselves
Men typically have ___________ that involves less intamacy compares to women’s
Less friends
Men’s social networks are just as important to them and provide them with the same kinds of emotional support as women’s networks do, even though _________________
Men’s networks tend to be smaller
Amenity move
Post retirement move away from kin to a location that has some desireable feature
Year round warm weather
Compensatory (kinship) migration
A move to a location near friends or family
Typically the elder needs help due to disability
Institutional migration
Move to an institution
Retirement age in Canada used to be ___, however mandatory retirement is no longer a thing
65
Atleast half of workers in their 50’s say they’ll ____________
Continue working atleast part time in retirement
Reasons for retirement
Age: whenever they feel is time
Health: poor health = no work
Family considerations: those who support children need to work
Financial support: those with pension plans and other supports retire earlier
Work characteristics: those who like work retire late
Sex differences: women retire 1.5 years before men
Retirement essentially has no impact on _______.
Those who do experience health problems in retirement typically ____________ die to their health reasons
Health
Retired
Problems with retirement likely are _________,________ and __________
Poor health
Family finances
Mariatal problems
Those who retired by poor health or took special early retirement offers are likely to report ___________________
Lower satisfication and higher levels of stress
The small number of adults who continue working past the typical retirement age includes:
Those who have never retired from their long time occupations
Those who retired from occupations, but ventured into a new line of work
Learning process does not change with _____. Learning new skills may be ______ but with paced training, older adults can still perform __________
Age
Slower
Well in the workplace
