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Psychology 220 > Chapter 17 and 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 and 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Centenarian

A

Someone who lives to be 100 or older

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2
Q

Geronotology

A

The scientific study of aging

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3
Q

Canadian longitudinal study on aging

A

Giant test with over 50,000 people to see how old they live and various factors that kill them off

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4
Q

The 3 subgroups

A

Young-old
Old-old
Oldest-old

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5
Q

Young-old

A

60-75

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6
Q

Old-old

A

75-85

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7
Q

Oldest-old

A

85 and up

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8
Q

The maximum life span is about

A

120 years

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9
Q

Senescence

A

Physical changes and declines associated with aging

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10
Q

Hayflick limit

A

The theoretical proposal that each species is subject to a genetically programmed role limit, after a cell can not longer replicate itself

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11
Q

Telomere

A

At the tip of each chromosome is a mechanism to server as a time keeping mechanism

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12
Q

Cross linking

A

The formation of undesirable bonds between proteins or fats

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13
Q

Free radicals

A

Molecules or atoms that possess an unpaired electron

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14
Q

Cellular damage

A

The organisms inability to repair breaks in DNA strands results in a loss of cellular function, leading to age

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15
Q

In the absence of ________, and organism would waste away once the existing adult cells had reached the ______________

A

Stem cells

Hayflick limit

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16
Q

The _____ determines the maximum Lifespan of different species

A

Genotype

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17
Q

The variation in longetivity affected by the accumulation over time of epigenetic errors that ______________________

A

Compromise adult stem cell function

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18
Q

Functional status

A

Measure of an individuals ability to perform certain roles and tasks, particularly self help tasks and other chores of daily living

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19
Q

Daily living tasks are grouped into two groups. What are they?

A

Activities of daily living

Instrumental activities of daily living

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20
Q

Activities of daily living

A

Bathing, dressing, using the toilet, etc

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21
Q

Instrumental activities of daily living

A

Includes doing housework, cooking, and managing money

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22
Q

Frail elderly

A

Seniors who’s physical and cognitive impairments are so severe they can not care for themselves

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23
Q

Majority of older Canadian adults regard their health as

A

Good or excellent

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24
Q

____ is the single largest factor determining the trajectory of an adults physical or mental status over the years beyond _____

A

Health

65

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25
Q

The physical problems or diseases that are most likely to contribute to some functional disability in late adulthood are:

A

Arthiritis and hypertension

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26
Q

As much as half of the decline in physical (and even cognitive) function can be prevented through:

A

Improved lifestyle, especially exercise

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27
Q

_________ is more important in _____ than in _______

A

Physical exercise

Later years than younger years

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28
Q

Four major changes occur in the brain during the adult years. What are they?

A

Reduction of brain weight
Loss of grey matter
Decline in density of dendrites
Slower synaptic transmission speeds

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29
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

The redundancy in the nervous system that ensures it is nearly always possible for a nerve impulse to move from on neuron to another or from a neuron to another type of cell

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30
Q

Losing ____ is not only primary agin, but is linked to _____

A

Dendrites

Education

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31
Q

Loss of dendrites results in the ______ of synaptic speed and therefore slowing in ___________

A

Slowing

Reaction time

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32
Q

Tinnitus

A

Persistent ringing in the ears

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33
Q

Prebyopia

A

Farsightedness

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34
Q

An enlarged ________ on the retina reduces field of vision

A

Blind spot

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35
Q

The pupil does not widen or narrow as much or as quickly, resulting in more difficulty seeing at _________ and responding to ___________________

A

Night

Rapid changes in brightness

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36
Q

Diseases of the eyes include

A

Cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration

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37
Q

The ability to hear _________ sounds is diminished, especially under ___________

A

High-frequency sounds

Under noisy conditions

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38
Q

_____ lose more hearing that ____. This is due to their exposure to loud noises at ______

A

Men
Women
Work

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39
Q

___________ is associated with social and psychological problems

A

Severe hearing loss

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40
Q

The ability to taste the 5 basic flavours does not ____________

A

Decline over the adult years

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41
Q

The sense of _____ clearly deteriorates in old age

A

Smell

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42
Q

A loss of sensitivity to _____ can have health issues such as burns or hypothermia

A

Touch

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43
Q

Satiety

A

Feeling of fullness that follows a meal

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44
Q

General slowing of brain activity interferes with older adults retrieval of the:

A

Knowledge needed to complete tasks

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45
Q

More frequent awakening occurs after age ___

A

65

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46
Q

Older people are more likely to wake _____ and go to bed _____

A

Earlier

Earlier

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47
Q

Imparied ____ may result in a constant feeling of hunger that cause over eating

A

Satiety

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48
Q

Older adults fall more often due to ______. Such falls result in more _________

A

Osteoporosis

More injuries

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49
Q

______ declines from middle adulthood to late adulthood for many reasons

A

Sexual activity

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50
Q

Reasons for reduced sexual activity

A

Decreasing testosterone in men

State of overall health

Medication side effects

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51
Q

More than ___% of adults continue to be sexually active in ole age

A

70

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52
Q

Dementia

A

Neurological disorder involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individuals emotional, social, and physical functioning

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53
Q

What mental health issue is the leading cause of institutionalizations

A

Dementia

54
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Very severe form of dementia, with an unknown cause

55
Q

Vascular dementia

A

A form of dementia caused by one or more strokes

56
Q

Most common form of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

57
Q

Alzheimer’s disease has a very ____ early onset, which involves subtle memory difficulties and ________________

A

Slow

Repetitive conversations

58
Q

How can long ago events or well rehearsed cognitive tasks stay retained for a long time?

A

There are multiple neural pathways the synapses can take

59
Q

Eventually, alzeihmers leads to the failure to: ____________, ____________, __________________

A

Fail to recognize family members, inability to communicate, and inability to perform self care

60
Q

Changes in ________ may result in someone with Alzheimer’s over eating. ________ and ________ are difficult to process. And some cannot control their _______, resulting in sudden bursts of rage

A

Appetite

Facial expressions and emotions

Emotions

61
Q

The only way to be 100% certain about diagnosing Alzheimer’s is:

A

After the person has died

62
Q

Medication to increase neurotransmitters seem to _____ the diseases progress

A

Slow

63
Q

Geriatric dysthemia

A

Chronic depressed mood in older adults

64
Q

Sighs of depression in old age maybe be seen as “________” by family members

A

Grumpiness

65
Q

Depression is often left ________ or May be mistaken for ______ as both share symptoms of _____ and ___________

A

Untreated
Dementia
Confusion and memory loss

66
Q

Risk factors for depression and dysthymia Include:

A

Inadequate social support
Health status 🎉
Poverty
Education level (stupid = depressed)

67
Q

Suicide rates for all age groups have ____________

A

Raised significantly

68
Q

_______ have higher depression rates but _________ are more than 5 times likely to commit suicide

A

Women

Elderly men

69
Q

Treatment for old age depression may Include:

A 
Physiotherapy 
Antidepressants 
Playing with kids 
Exercising 
Spiritual needs
70
Q

The more any cognitive task makes the demand on _________ , the larger the ______ with age

A

Short term memory

Decline

71
Q

Younger adults outperform older adults in memory tasks that have ____________

A

Recently happened

72
Q

Older adults outperform younger adults on prospective memory tasks in ___________, such as their home

A

A natural setting

73
Q

The ______ process takes longer for older adults. But with ______________ older adults performed the same as younger

A

Learning

MORE TIME

74
Q

Age related memory decline is associated with changes in the ratio of ____________________

A

Grey to white matter in the brain

75
Q

Older adults take longer to register new piece of information, _______ it and ______ it

A

Encode it

Retrieve it

76
Q

Older adults who challenge themselves with ____________ can delay or even reverse the normal decline in ____________

A

Complex mental activities

Brain mass

77
Q

Wisdom

A

Hypothesized cognitive character of older adults that includes accumulated knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge to practical problems

78
Q

The speed of accessing wisdom related knowledge remains _______ across adulthood

A

Constant

79
Q

Cohens four stages of creativity

A

Re-evaluation phase
Liberation phase
Summing up phase
Encore phase

80
Q

Ego integrity vs despair stage

A

Last stage of Ericksons in which older adults must achieve a sense of satisfication with their lives

81
Q

Ego integrity

A

The feeling that ones life has been worthwhile

82
Q

Reminiscence

A

Reflecting on past experience

83
Q

Life review

A

An evaluation process in which elders make judgments about past behavior

84
Q

Activity theory

A

The idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible

85
Q

Disengagement theory

A

The theory that it is normal for older adults to scale down their social lives and to seperate themselves from others to a certain degree

86
Q

Disengagement theory 3 parts

A

Shinkrage of life space: interact with fewer people

Increased individuality: less governed by strict rules or expectations

Acceptance of these changes: disengages from roles and relationships

87
Q

Continuity theory

A

Idea that older adults adapt lifelong interest and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging

88
Q

Successful aging

A

Term used to describe maintaining ones physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfication with ones life as one ages

89
Q

3 components of successful aging

A

Good physical health
Retention of cognitive abilities
Continuing engagement in social and productive activities

90
Q

Older people recap the consequences they made when _______. The person ability to listen to doctors and go to therapy significantly depends on the _____________. Those who are motivated to______ are most likely to ______

A

Younger
Degree of recovery
Participate, succeed

91
Q

The best educated show __________

A

The least cognitive decline

92
Q

Verbal intelligence and education are related to ________ and _________

A

Physical health and social engagement

93
Q

The willingness to learn new things contributes to _________

A

Successful aging

94
Q

______________ is reported by those who have greater contact with friends and family

A

Higher life satisfication

95
Q

Those who volunteer are _________ and _______ in their elder years

A

Healthier and happier

96
Q

Life satisfication

A

Sense of personal well being

97
Q

Criticism of the successful aging paradigm

A

Gives the impression effects of aging our under our control

98
Q

Religious coping

A

Tendency to turn to religious beliefs and institutions in times of difficulty

99
Q

_______ use religious coping more than _____. But the effects seem to be the same for both genders.

A

Women

Men

100
Q

Religious seniors are likely to see their old age as ______ in an ongoing story and not as a period of ________________

A

Chapter in an ongoing story

Loss of capabilities

101
Q

Canadian adults who regularly attend religious services are:

A

More optimistic, physically healthier, live longer
Satisfied with their lives
Less stressed

102
Q

_______ and _____ changes are responsible for many of the inevitable role changes in old age

A

Physical and cognitive

103
Q

The older people look, the more negatively others stereotype them. Often pushing them out of roles

A

This is sad 😢

104
Q

Only 5% of age ____ live in long term care

A

65

105
Q

In cananada, _______ is the most

Common choose among unmarried elders

A

Living alone

106
Q

Factors that an elderly person will live with their child are:

A

Health
Income
Adult children’s characteristics
Public home care

107
Q

Marita satisfication is higher in the late years, but is based on _______, ______, and ________ in the relationship

A

Loyalty
Familiarity
Mutual investment

108
Q

Married people are the #1 _______ of spouses.

A

Caretakers

109
Q

Rates of remarriage are higher for older _____ than ______. Married older adults have higher life satisfication, ________ and lower rates of institutionalizations

A

Men than women

Better health

110
Q

Between 2/3 to 3/4 or older parents said their children see them _________

A

Once a week

111
Q

Interactions between _________ and ________ are beneficial to both

A

Grandchildren

Grandparents

112
Q

In late adulthood, contact between grandchildren and grandparents _______ as the grandchildren become adults themelsvee

A

Declines

113
Q

Relationships with _____ May become Important, especially after ______ die

A

Siblings

Parents

114
Q

Good relationships and regular contact with adult children can add to elderly adults _____________ but it is not necessary for it

A

Quality of life

115
Q

Childless elders are just as happy and well adjusted as those with ______

A

Children

116
Q

Relationships with children involve _____ and ________ that may add stress to a seniors life

A

Roles and expectations

117
Q

Contact with friends has a significant impact on life satisfication, _________, and __________

A

Self esteem and loneliness

118
Q

Relationships with friends allow the person to ____________ and May be less stressful than friendships with family

A

Be themselves

119
Q

Men typically have ___________ that involves less intamacy compares to women’s

A

Less friends

120
Q

Men’s social networks are just as important to them and provide them with the same kinds of emotional support as women’s networks do, even though _________________

A

Men’s networks tend to be smaller

121
Q

Amenity move

A

Post retirement move away from kin to a location that has some desireable feature

Year round warm weather

122
Q

Compensatory (kinship) migration

A

A move to a location near friends or family

Typically the elder needs help due to disability

123
Q

Institutional migration

A

Move to an institution

124
Q

Retirement age in Canada used to be ___, however mandatory retirement is no longer a thing

A

65

125
Q

Atleast half of workers in their 50’s say they’ll ____________

A

Continue working atleast part time in retirement

126
Q

Reasons for retirement

A

Age: whenever they feel is time
Health: poor health = no work
Family considerations: those who support children need to work
Financial support: those with pension plans and other supports retire earlier
Work characteristics: those who like work retire late
Sex differences: women retire 1.5 years before men

127
Q

Retirement essentially has no impact on _______.

Those who do experience health problems in retirement typically ____________ die to their health reasons

A

Health

Retired

128
Q

Problems with retirement likely are _________,________ and __________

A

Poor health
Family finances
Mariatal problems

129
Q

Those who retired by poor health or took special early retirement offers are likely to report ___________________

A

Lower satisfication and higher levels of stress

130
Q

The small number of adults who continue working past the typical retirement age includes:

A

Those who have never retired from their long time occupations

Those who retired from occupations, but ventured into a new line of work

131
Q

Learning process does not change with _____. Learning new skills may be ______ but with paced training, older adults can still perform __________

A

Age
Slower
Well in the workplace

Psychology 220 (10 decks)

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