Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards
Cognitive changes:
Changes in cognitive skills over the first ____ year’s are highly __________
2 years
Consistent across environments
Piaget sensorimotor stage
First stage of development
Infants use info from senses and motor actions to learn about the world
Primary circular reactions
Piaget’s phrase to describe a baby in substage 2 of sensorimotor stage
Actions organized around babies body
Baby sucks thumb by mistake, likes it, sucks on it again
Secondary circular reaction
Piaget’s phrase to describe the repetitive actions in substage 3
Actions orientated around external objects
Baby coos and mom smiles
Means end behavior
Purposeful behavior carried out in pursuit of a specific goal
Baby moves one toy out of the way to gain access to another
Tertiary circular reaction
Deliberate experimentation with variation or previous actions that occurs in substage 5
Baby doesn’t repeat actions but tries variations
Substage 6
Words and symbols
Baby generates solutions to problems by thinking about them
Object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist when they can’t see them
Object permanence 2 months
Surprised the object is gone forever
Object permanence 6-8 months
Looks partially for the gone object
Object permanence 8-12 months
Looks for hidden object
Deferred imitation
Imitation that occurs in the absence of the model who first demonstrated it
Challenges to Piaget’s theory
Piaget’s underestimated the cognitive capacity of infants
Object permanence occurs much earlier and is far more complex then predicted
Object permanence shows at _____ months
4
Imitation of Facial gestures and deferred imitations occur _____ than predicted
Earlier
Object individualation
The process by which an infant differentiates and recognizes objects based on their mental images of objects in an environment
Object concept
An infants understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave
Connected surface principle
Two objects connecting is actually one object
Violation of expectancy
Researchers move an object in a different way after having taught an infant to expect it move in another
Spatiotemporal Information
Objects location and motion
4 months
Objects property
Color, texture, size
10 month olds
Kinds of objects
Duck vs ball
9-12 months
Conditioning babies with feeding
Babies who felt smothered by the left breast refused the left breast to feed
Observational learning
Watching others learn
Old children imitate adults better than younger children
Schematic learning
Organization of experiences into expectancies
Called schemas
Schmeatic learnjng facts
Babies get used to seeing same thing
They know animals and furntirre are different but not birds to dogs
Babies memory info
Babies remember some audio while they sleep
3 month olds can remember specific objects up to a week
Young infants are more sophisticated than Piaget predicted
Intelligence
The ability to take in information and use it to adapt to the environment
The bayley scales of infant development
Measures primarily sensory and motor skills and address cognitive and language development
Habituation appears to have
High potential as measures of infants intelligence
Beginnings of lanaguage
Man important developments occur before the use of a child’s first word at 12 months
Behaviourist approach language
Infants learn language through parental reinforcement of wordlike sounds and correct grammar
Nativist approach to lanaguhe
An innate lanaguge processor called the “labaguge acquisition device” contains the basic grammatical structure of all human language
Interaxtionist apporach to language
Infants are biologically prepared to attend to language and that language development is a sub process of cognitive
Infant directed speech
Simplified higher pitch speech that adults use with infants
This helps them learn apparently
How to help a baby’s language
Read, repeat its sentences, use a wide vocabulary, talk to them lots, don’t be poveished
Cooing
Repetitive vowel sounds, particularly the uuuuuuu sound
1-2 months
Babbling
Repetitive constant vowel sounds
Bababababbababab
Dahahahahahahhaha
Babbling =
Beginning of language development
Receptive language
Comprehension of spoken language
Grammatical words
Words that pertain to the rules of language and proper sentence construction
“It’s, the, in, , and you”
Lexical words
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Lanaguge development order
Cooing - single words - holophrases - naming explosion - sentences
Expressive language
Ability to produce words
12 months babies say first word
Holophrase
Combination of word with a gesture
Points at show “daddy”
Naming explosion
Toddlers experience rapid vocabulary growth
16-24 months
Telegraphic speech
Simple two to three word sentences that usually include a noun or verb
Theories of social and personality development
2 key perspectives
Psychoanalytic
Ethnological perspectives
Psychoanalytic people
Freud and Erickson
Ethnological perspectives
Bowlby and ainsworht
Freuds psychosexual stage: oral stage
Birth to 2
Infants drive satisfaction through the mouth
Fixation = nail biting and swearing
Erickson’s psychosocial stage
Emphasizes the infants others needs by talking to her, comforting her
First 2 years: trust vs mistrust
Infant learns to trust world around them
Ehological perspective claims
All humans have innate predispositions tang strongly influence their development
Attachment theory
The view that the ability and need to form an attachment relationship early in life are genetic characteristics of all human beings
Attachment
Emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant
Child derives security
Synchrony
A mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by parents and child
Reactive attachment disorder
A disorder that appears to prevent a child from forming close social relationships
Stages of attachment
Non focused orientating and signalling
Uses an innate set of behavior patterns to signal needs
Proximity promoting behaviours
Phase 2
Focus on one or more figures
Smiles more at people who regularly care for her
Still uses proximity promoting behaviours
Stage 3
Secure base behavior
Proximity seeking behaviours
Most important person used as a safe base for exploration
Stage 4
Internal model
Plays a role in later relationships with early caregivers and in other significant relationships
Stranger anxiety
Expressions of discomfort such as clinging to mother
Separation anxiety
Expressions of discomfort when separated from attachment figure
Social referencing
Infants use of other facial expressions as a guide to her own emotions
Strange situation test “ainsworth”
Mom enters room with baby
Mom sits in chair while baby explores
Stranger comes in whilst baby plays
Mom leaves and sees how baby reacts
Outcomes of strange situation test
Secure attachment
Avoidant attachment
Ambivalent attachment
Disorganized / disorientated attachment
Autism spectrum disorder
Most infants with ASD are securely attached to caregivers
Social skills / play training can help reduce symptoms
Children who are securely attached
Are more sociable and most positive in behavior
Less clinging and dependent upon teachers
More empathetic and emotionally mature in their interactions
Personality
Pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment
Temperament
Inborn predispositions such as a activity level that form the foundations of personality
Easy child
40%
Approach new events positively
Display good sleeping and eating patterns
Generally happy
Difficult children
10%
Irregular sleep and eat
Emotional negative
Resistant to change
Slow to warm up child
15%
Display few intense reactions
Either + or -
Renaming 25% of temporament
Combination of 2 or more
Activity level
A tendency to move often and vigorously rather than remain passive
Approach / positive emotionally / sociability
Tendency to move toward, rather than away of new experiences
Usually positive
Negative emotionality
Tendency to respond with anger, fussing, loudness,
Effortful control / task persistence
Ability to stay focussed and to manage attention and effort
Temperament heredity
Identical twins are more alike in temperament than fraternal twins
Neurological processes of temperament
Shyness
Dopamine and sera toning problems
Frontal lobe assymetey
Temperament in environment
Niche picking
People of all ages choose the experiences that reflect their temperaments
Goodness of fit
Is the degree to which an infants temperament is adaptable to his or her environment
Long term stability in temperament
Temperamental pattens seen in infancy go to adulthood
Consistency at ages
The subjective self
Infants awareness that she is a seperate person who endured through time and space
8-12 months
The objective / categorical self
Toddlers unstanding that she is defined by various catagories such as gender, and shyness
Emotional self
Development of the emotional self behind when the baby learns to identify changes in emotions
2-3 months
Babies use caregivers emotions to guide their own feelings
Joint attention
When 2 people are focussing their attention on an object and each is aware that the other is attending to the same object
