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Psychology 220 > Chapter 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Early childhood age is considered

A

2-6

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2
Q

Changes in ____ and _____ happen far more slowly in the preschool years

A

Weight and height

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3
Q

Height and weight changes

A

Each year, 5-8 cm in height

2.7 kilograms in weight

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4
Q

By age 5 or 6 children are

A

Running, jumping, hopping, galloping, climbing, and skipping

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5
Q

Preschoolers motor development changes

A

They make steady progress in motor development

Drawing shows how well they can use fine motor skills

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6
Q

Corpus callousum

A

Structure that connects the right and left hemispheres

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7
Q

Lateralization

A

The process through which brain functions are divided between the two hemispheres

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8
Q

Image of Brian with different districts and sections

Language, Logic, math…etc

A

It is a rough idea on where the skills learn in the brain. Not concrete, other stronger than others

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9
Q

Another important milestone in early childhood development is the ________ of the ____ ________

A

Myelinization of the reticular formation

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10
Q

Maturation of the ______ accounts for improvement in _______

A

Hippocampus

Memory function

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11
Q

Handedness

A

A strong preference for using one hand or the other

Develops between 2-6 years

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12
Q

_______ is a dominant gene

A

Right handedness

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13
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Inability for adults to remember more than a few events before they were 3

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14
Q

Health promotion and wellness

A

In Canada there has been a weight gain increase.

With 12% of children aged 2-5 being obese

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15
Q

What leads to weight gain

A

Too much tv and too much snacking

Also, tv shows promote unhealthy diets

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16
Q

How ___/___ aged 1-4 children go to the hospital for ______

A

4/1000

Accidents / injuries

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17
Q

Unintentional injuries account for slightly more than 25% of all ______ of children

A

Deaths

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18
Q

___% of injuries are preventable

A

90%

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19
Q

Adverse childhood experiences

A

Childhood stressors, ranging from day to day maltreatment to traumatic events

Promote negative health and social consequences

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20
Q

Most common form of ACE

A

Neglect (34%)

And exposure to intimate partner violence (34%)

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21
Q

4 catagories is ACES

A

Sociocultural factors
Characteristics of the child
Characteristics of the abuser
Household stress

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22
Q

____ are the largest catagory of maltreatment

A

Mothers (86%)

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23
Q

Exposure effect

A

The degree of intensity and duration of a stressor is related to the intensity of the response

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24
Q

Toxic stress response

A

Persistently elevated physiological arousel caused by strong, recurring unbated adversity

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25
Q

Semiotic (symbolic) function

A

The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another

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26
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development

Child become proficient with symbols

Can’t think logically

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27
Q

Egocentrism

A

The young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the same way she does

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28
Q

Centration

A

The child thinks of the world in terms of one variable at a time

Looks at glasses of water, only cares about height

Any moving object is an animal

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29
Q

Conservation

A

The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity

Having 2 sets of 5 coins and spreading out one set to make it longer

Child thinks there’s more coins

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30
Q

Theory of mind

A

A set of ideas that explains other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behavior

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31
Q

False belief principle

A

An understanding that enables a child to look at a situation from another persons point of view and determine what kind of information will cause that person to have a false belief

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32
Q

Short term storage space

A

Neo-piagetian theory term for the working memory

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33
Q

Operational efficiency

A

Neo-piagetian term that refers to the maximum number of schemes that can be processes in working memory at one time

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34
Q

Meta memory

A

Knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on ones own memory function

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35
Q

Metacognition

A

Knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on ones own thought processes

Child listening to a book may forget main characters name, asks the reader what his name is

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36
Q

Vygotskys stages

A

Primitive
Naive psychology
Egocentric speech
In growth

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37
Q

Primitive

A

Infants processes similar to those of animals

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38
Q

Naive psychology

A

Learns to use language to communicate but does not understand symbols

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39
Q

Egocentric speech

A

Uses language as a guide to solve problems

Child walking down stairs “be carful”

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40
Q

In growth

A

Logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in social world

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41
Q

Vygotaskys sociocultural theory

A

Social interactions are required for cognitive development

Solutions to problems are socially generated and learned

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42
Q

Fast mapping

A

The ability to categorically link new words to real world referents

43
Q

Grammar explosion

A

Period when the grammatical features of children’s speech become more similar to those of adult speech

44
Q

Age 1: child knows _____ words
Age 2: child knows _____ words
Age 5: child knows _____ words

A

12
600
15,000

45
Q

Inflections

A

Grammatical markers attached to words to indicate tense, gender, number, and the like, such as the use of the ending “Ed” to make the past tense

46
Q

Overregularization

A

Attachment of regular inflections to irregular words

Using “goed” instead of “went”

47
Q

Phonological awareness

A

Children’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring

48
Q

Invented spelling

A

A strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write

49
Q

_____ plays a role in our ability to master ______

A

Language

Numbers

50
Q

Numeracy

A

The knowledge and skills required to effectively manage the mathematical demands of diverse situations

51
Q

The first modern intelligence test was published in 1905 by Alfred Binet

Thus test was known as

A

The intelligence quotient test

IQ test

52
Q

IQ test

A

Ratio of mental age to chronological age

53
Q

A newer more modern intelligence test

A

WISC-V

54
Q

WISC-5

A

Child is presented with 5 primary indices

Verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

55
Q

Individual differences of intelligence

A

60% heredity

40% environment

56
Q

Family influences (environment) on intelligence

A

More interesting, complex environment

Parental reaction and feedback

Opportunity to explore and make mistakes

Ask questions

57
Q

Head start programs

A

It’s possible to modify trajectory of child’s intellectual development

Enriched preschools offer 10iq points or higher

58
Q

Readiness to learn at school

A

1) language and communication skills
2) academic skill
3) self regulation of learning
4) self control of behavior
5) social competence and independence

59
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

The theoretical perspective that asserts the social and personality development in early childhood are related to improvements in the cognitive domain

60
Q

Person perception

A

The ability to classify other according to categories such as age, gender, and race

61
Q

Understanding rule catagories

A

Young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules

62
Q

Understanding others intentions

A

Young children understand intentions to some degree

63
Q

Family relationships constitute the most important contributing factor to _______

A

Early childhood development

64
Q

Attachment quality predicts _____________

A

Behavior during the preschool years

65
Q

Children who are securely attached to parents experience ______

A

Fewer behavior problems

66
Q

Parenting styles introduced by

A

Diana Baumrind

67
Q

Parenting styles

A

Four aspects of family functioning

1) Warmth or nurturance
2) Clarity and consistency of rules
3) Levels of expectations
4) Communication between parent and child

68
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

A style of parenting that is high in nuturenve

Low in maturity demands, control, and communication

69
Q

Authoritarian parenting style

A

Low in nuturence and communication

High in control and maturity demands

70
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

High in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication

71
Q

Most popular parenting type

A

Authoritative 33%

72
Q

Discipline

A

Training, whether physical, mental, or moral that develops self control

73
Q

2 problems that make discipline hard

A

Difficult to establish effects of dicscioline

Research doesn’t know how intense and frequent effective discipline is

74
Q

Poorer families have higher risked children of ______

A

Aggression and social withdrawal

75
Q

Majority of home in Canada are _____

A

2 parent homes

77%

76
Q

Skip generation famalies

A

Grandparents raise their kids

77
Q

Lone parent child issues

A

Child gets less attention, has more issues

78
Q

Same sex parent

A

Predominantly lesbian

There is no difference in these kids!!!

79
Q

Divorce

A

Traumatic on child

Children affects by many factors: poverty, parents fighting, disruptions of daily routine

80
Q

Extended family

A

Social network of grandparents, aunts, uncles etc

81
Q

Peer relations

A

Ages 2-6, having friends is imperative to the development of your social skills

82
Q

Social skills

A

A set of behaviours that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner or friend

83
Q

Solitary play

A

Playing alone

All ages

84
Q

Parallel play

A

Two children playing separately and alone but next to each other

14-18 months

85
Q

Associative play

A

Toddler plays alone but engages with other kids playing

Grabbing a LEGO block from sally or talking to Timmy

18 months

86
Q

Cooperative play

A

Several children work together to accomplish a goal

Build a super tower

3-4 years

87
Q

Aggression

A

Behaviour intended to injure another person or damage an object

88
Q

Physical aggression

A

Anger, fighting, kicking, hitting or biting

89
Q

Indirect aggression

A

Gossiping, saying bad things about people, telling secrets

90
Q

What gender has more indirect agegresison?

A

Girls! They’re bitches

91
Q

Epigenetic view of aggression

A

We are born aggressive

92
Q

Pro social behavior

A

Behaviour intended to help another person

93
Q

Parents of altruistic chidren:

A

Create a loving and warm family climate

Provide positive sentences to encourage children

look to use their children for helpful things

94
Q

Friendships

A

Important change in social behavior as it makes stable relationships

95
Q

Effortful control

A

Controlling ones impulses

96
Q

Temperament constitutes the foundation of ______

A

Personality

97
Q

Categorical self

A

The self concept that tends to focus on visible characteristics

98
Q

Emotional regulation

A

The ability to control emotional states and emotion related behavior

99
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to identify with another person emotional state

100
Q

Gender

A

The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex

101
Q

Gender identity

A

The ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female

102
Q

Gender stability

A

The understanding that gender is stable, lifelong characteristic

103
Q

Gender constancy

A

Gender is a component of the self and not altered by external appearance

104
Q

Gender schema theory

A

An approach to gender that says people use schemas to process info about themselves and others

Psychology 220 (10 decks)

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