Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards
Early childhood age is considered
2-6
Changes in ____ and _____ happen far more slowly in the preschool years
Weight and height
Height and weight changes
Each year, 5-8 cm in height
2.7 kilograms in weight
By age 5 or 6 children are
Running, jumping, hopping, galloping, climbing, and skipping
Preschoolers motor development changes
They make steady progress in motor development
Drawing shows how well they can use fine motor skills
Corpus callousum
Structure that connects the right and left hemispheres
Lateralization
The process through which brain functions are divided between the two hemispheres
Image of Brian with different districts and sections
Language, Logic, math…etc
It is a rough idea on where the skills learn in the brain. Not concrete, other stronger than others
Another important milestone in early childhood development is the ________ of the ____ ________
Myelinization of the reticular formation
Maturation of the ______ accounts for improvement in _______
Hippocampus
Memory function
Handedness
A strong preference for using one hand or the other
Develops between 2-6 years
_______ is a dominant gene
Right handedness
Infantile amnesia
Inability for adults to remember more than a few events before they were 3
Health promotion and wellness
In Canada there has been a weight gain increase.
With 12% of children aged 2-5 being obese
What leads to weight gain
Too much tv and too much snacking
Also, tv shows promote unhealthy diets
How ___/___ aged 1-4 children go to the hospital for ______
4/1000
Accidents / injuries
Unintentional injuries account for slightly more than 25% of all ______ of children
Deaths
___% of injuries are preventable
90%
Adverse childhood experiences
Childhood stressors, ranging from day to day maltreatment to traumatic events
Promote negative health and social consequences
Most common form of ACE
Neglect (34%)
And exposure to intimate partner violence (34%)
4 catagories is ACES
Sociocultural factors
Characteristics of the child
Characteristics of the abuser
Household stress
____ are the largest catagory of maltreatment
Mothers (86%)
Exposure effect
The degree of intensity and duration of a stressor is related to the intensity of the response
Toxic stress response
Persistently elevated physiological arousel caused by strong, recurring unbated adversity
Semiotic (symbolic) function
The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development
Child become proficient with symbols
Can’t think logically
Egocentrism
The young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the same way she does
Centration
The child thinks of the world in terms of one variable at a time
Looks at glasses of water, only cares about height
Any moving object is an animal
Conservation
The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity
Having 2 sets of 5 coins and spreading out one set to make it longer
Child thinks there’s more coins
Theory of mind
A set of ideas that explains other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behavior
False belief principle
An understanding that enables a child to look at a situation from another persons point of view and determine what kind of information will cause that person to have a false belief
Short term storage space
Neo-piagetian theory term for the working memory
Operational efficiency
Neo-piagetian term that refers to the maximum number of schemes that can be processes in working memory at one time
Meta memory
Knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on ones own memory function
Metacognition
Knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on ones own thought processes
Child listening to a book may forget main characters name, asks the reader what his name is
Vygotskys stages
Primitive
Naive psychology
Egocentric speech
In growth
Primitive
Infants processes similar to those of animals
Naive psychology
Learns to use language to communicate but does not understand symbols
Egocentric speech
Uses language as a guide to solve problems
Child walking down stairs “be carful”
In growth
Logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in social world
Vygotaskys sociocultural theory
Social interactions are required for cognitive development
Solutions to problems are socially generated and learned
Fast mapping
The ability to categorically link new words to real world referents
Grammar explosion
Period when the grammatical features of children’s speech become more similar to those of adult speech
Age 1: child knows _____ words
Age 2: child knows _____ words
Age 5: child knows _____ words
12
600
15,000
Inflections
Grammatical markers attached to words to indicate tense, gender, number, and the like, such as the use of the ending “Ed” to make the past tense
Overregularization
Attachment of regular inflections to irregular words
Using “goed” instead of “went”
Phonological awareness
Children’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring
Invented spelling
A strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write
_____ plays a role in our ability to master ______
Language
Numbers
Numeracy
The knowledge and skills required to effectively manage the mathematical demands of diverse situations
The first modern intelligence test was published in 1905 by Alfred Binet
Thus test was known as
The intelligence quotient test
IQ test
IQ test
Ratio of mental age to chronological age
A newer more modern intelligence test
WISC-V
WISC-5
Child is presented with 5 primary indices
Verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
Individual differences of intelligence
60% heredity
40% environment
Family influences (environment) on intelligence
More interesting, complex environment
Parental reaction and feedback
Opportunity to explore and make mistakes
Ask questions
Head start programs
It’s possible to modify trajectory of child’s intellectual development
Enriched preschools offer 10iq points or higher
Readiness to learn at school
1) language and communication skills
2) academic skill
3) self regulation of learning
4) self control of behavior
5) social competence and independence
Social cognitive theory
The theoretical perspective that asserts the social and personality development in early childhood are related to improvements in the cognitive domain
Person perception
The ability to classify other according to categories such as age, gender, and race
Understanding rule catagories
Young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules
Understanding others intentions
Young children understand intentions to some degree
Family relationships constitute the most important contributing factor to _______
Early childhood development
Attachment quality predicts _____________
Behavior during the preschool years
Children who are securely attached to parents experience ______
Fewer behavior problems
Parenting styles introduced by
Diana Baumrind
Parenting styles
Four aspects of family functioning
1) Warmth or nurturance
2) Clarity and consistency of rules
3) Levels of expectations
4) Communication between parent and child
Permissive parenting style
A style of parenting that is high in nuturenve
Low in maturity demands, control, and communication
Authoritarian parenting style
Low in nuturence and communication
High in control and maturity demands
Authoritative parenting style
High in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication
Most popular parenting type
Authoritative 33%
Discipline
Training, whether physical, mental, or moral that develops self control
2 problems that make discipline hard
Difficult to establish effects of dicscioline
Research doesn’t know how intense and frequent effective discipline is
Poorer families have higher risked children of ______
Aggression and social withdrawal
Majority of home in Canada are _____
2 parent homes
77%
Skip generation famalies
Grandparents raise their kids
Lone parent child issues
Child gets less attention, has more issues
Same sex parent
Predominantly lesbian
There is no difference in these kids!!!
Divorce
Traumatic on child
Children affects by many factors: poverty, parents fighting, disruptions of daily routine
Extended family
Social network of grandparents, aunts, uncles etc
Peer relations
Ages 2-6, having friends is imperative to the development of your social skills
Social skills
A set of behaviours that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner or friend
Solitary play
Playing alone
All ages
Parallel play
Two children playing separately and alone but next to each other
14-18 months
Associative play
Toddler plays alone but engages with other kids playing
Grabbing a LEGO block from sally or talking to Timmy
18 months
Cooperative play
Several children work together to accomplish a goal
Build a super tower
3-4 years
Aggression
Behaviour intended to injure another person or damage an object
Physical aggression
Anger, fighting, kicking, hitting or biting
Indirect aggression
Gossiping, saying bad things about people, telling secrets
What gender has more indirect agegresison?
Girls! They’re bitches
Epigenetic view of aggression
We are born aggressive
Pro social behavior
Behaviour intended to help another person
Parents of altruistic chidren:
Create a loving and warm family climate
Provide positive sentences to encourage children
look to use their children for helpful things
Friendships
Important change in social behavior as it makes stable relationships
Effortful control
Controlling ones impulses
Temperament constitutes the foundation of ______
Personality
Categorical self
The self concept that tends to focus on visible characteristics
Emotional regulation
The ability to control emotional states and emotion related behavior
Empathy
The ability to identify with another person emotional state
Gender
The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex
Gender identity
The ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female
Gender stability
The understanding that gender is stable, lifelong characteristic
Gender constancy
Gender is a component of the self and not altered by external appearance
Gender schema theory
An approach to gender that says people use schemas to process info about themselves and others
