Chapter 11 and 12 Flashcards
Adolescence
Transition between childhood and adulthood
The teenage years
Puberty
The physical changes that culminate in sexual maturity
Pueberty begins when the ______ sigmas to a child’s _______ to increase its production of androgen
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Endocrine Gland
Glands that secrete hormones governing growth and other aspects of physical development
Pituitary gland
Glands that trigger other glands to release hormones
The master Gland
Gonadotrophic hormones
Hormones responsible for the development of the sex organs
Hormone responsible for developing testes
Testosterone
Hormone responsible for the development of the ovaries
Estrogen
Primary sex characteristics
Include the growth of the testes and penis for men
Growth of ovaries, uterus, and vagina in the female
Secondary sex characteristics
Include breast development in girls
Changing voice pitch and beard growth in men
Pubic hair for both
Five stages of sexual maturity
Stage 1: predescent stage Stage 2: first signs of Change Stage 3: intermediate step Stage 4: intermediate step Stage 5: final development of adult characteristics
Menarche
Beginning of menstrual cycles
Occurs two years after beginning of visible changes
Sexual development on girls
Changes in breast and pubic hair, followed by growth spurt, full development of breast and pubic hair
Menarche occurs averagely around age
12.7
Secular trend
Decline in average age of menarche, due to increased in nutrition and health improvement
Back in 19th century, people were shorter and got late periods (age 17)
Sexual development in boys
Peak of growth comes typically late in physical development
Beard development and voice change occurs near end as well
Viable sperm available between 12-14, before they reach peak height
Timing of pueberty
Girls who are early developers experience no _____________ issues or falling _______.
They may associate with ______ teens who show ______ behaviours
Self esteem
Falling grades
Older
Antisocial
Girls attain most their adult height at age _____ while boys continue to grow until __/___ years
16
18-20
When the skeleton grows, the normal _____ and _____ rules are _____
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal
Reversed!!
Meaning hands and feet grow first in pueberty
Changes in jaw and teeth
In adolescence both jaws grow forward when the permenent teeth come in
Also brings the forehead forward
Joint development: boys vs girls
Girls wrists completely develop by mid teens. Boys finally catch up around 18 years old with finer cordination and gain superiority over girls
The muscular system in adolescents
_________ become thicker and denser. Meaning boys and girls both increase in _____.
Healthy girls, %___ rises and %____ falls
Healthy boys, %____ falls and %_____ rises
Muscle fibers
%fat rises and %muscle falls
%fat falls and %muscle rises
Heart and lungs ______ in size and _______ drops.
Increase
Heart rate
2 major brain spurts in teenage years
1) age 13-15: cerebra cortex become thicker, efficient neuronal pathways
2) age 17-early adulthood: frontal lobes of cerebral cortex develop (area responsible for logic and planning)
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Infection of the female reproductive tract that may result from a sexually transmitted disease, leading to infertility
Percentage of teens who have wed before 15
9%
Percentage of people who have sex between 15-17
30%
Percentage of those who have sex between 18-19 years old
68%
Who’s more likely to report not using a condom
Females
Two types of sexual safety
Condoms and Oral contraceptives
Boys who have sex at a young age typically….
Live in poor neighborhoods Have low parental monitoring Have relaxed dating rules More likely to use alcohol We’re abused or neglected as children
Girls who engage in sexual activity at a younger age
Went through menarche ealier
Dates at ealier age
Have history of sexual abuse
Have low interest in school
Sexual activity is lower in those who
Play spots and other after school activities
Have religious beliefs(no sex, no marriage)
Sti and infections
Chlamydia continues to rise in younger teens
Does proving condoms to young teens promote sexual behavior?
Nooo
Having condoms does not make more people have sex, but does make it so people use condoms
Having sex Ed and becoming aware of issues related to having sex are:
Very important and should be taught in school
Teen pregnancy rates have ______. The _____ is the leading country to have _______ ________. Teen pregnancies are _____ frequent in older adolescence and more likely to happen once the girl ______.
Declined
USA
Teen pregnancy
More
Graduates
Teen pregnancy occurs less in those who
Do well in school
Have good communication with mothers
Sensation seeking
Teenagers heightened desire to experience increased levels of arousal
Fast driving, switching lanes, trying drugs,
Average age of drug and alcohol use:
13-14 years old
1 cause of death for teens
Car accidents
Slightly more than ___% or grade 7-9 have used alcohol in the last year
25
The issues with teenage drinking
Teenager have the third highest rates of impaired driving rates
Cigarette smoking has _____.
____ often smoke more than ____ at a younger age
Decline
Boys / girls
Bulimia (bulimia Nervosa)
Eating disorder characterized by binge eating the puking it all up
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by self starvation
Completed suicide is _____ times higher in adolescent ____ than ______
3.5x
Boys
Girls
Suicide attempts are far more higher in _____ than _____
Girls
Boys
2nd leading cause of death in teens
Suicide
Medication for depression
SSRI’s lead to negative side effects
Increasing suicide thoughts
Piaget’s formal operational stage
Fourth and final stage
Adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract ideas
Systematic problem solvin
Finding a solution to a problem by testing single factors
Changing string length but keeping same weight
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
Naive-deductive reasoning
Mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world
By age 14 and 15, ____ and _____ skills of adolescents far exceed those of younger children
Metacognitive and metamemory
Task goals
Goals based on a desire for self improvement
Ability goals
Goals based on a desire to be superior to others
When transitioning to a new school, students typically show
Achievement and self esteem declines
Kids who drop out of school
Often have poor families,
Peer influences
Less involvement in clubs and organizations
3 strong predictors or dropping out
History of academic failure
Pattern of aggressive behavior
Poor decisions about risky behavior
Teens who work between __-___ hours a week often get _____ grades and experience more ____ stress
15-20
Poor grades
Chronic stress
Genital stage
Freuds theory
Period during people reach psychosexual maturity
Identify
Understanding of ones unique characteristics
Central crisis in Ericksons view is
Identity role vs role confusion
Identity vs role confusion
Adolescents attain a sense of who they are
Identity crisis
Ericksons term for a child’s great sense of uncertaincy that arises when an adolescents sense of self becomes “unglued” so a new mature sense of self can be accomplished
Marcia offers that adolescent identity formation has two key parts:
A crisis
A commitment
Crisis
Period of decision making when old values and old choices are re-examined
The outcome of an re-evaluation is called a:
Commitment
4 different identity statuses
Identity achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Identity diffusion
Identity achievement
Person have been through a crisis, and has reached a commitment to goals
Med school or graduate school
Moratorium
The identity status of a person who is in a crisis, but who has made no commitment
This or that, can’t decide
Foreclosure
Identity status of a person who has made a commitment, without having gone through a crisis, person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
Parents said to to med school
Identity diffusion
Identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
Body description differ from 9 year olds to 12 year olds how?
Younger kids stick to physical description (blue eyes, tall)
Older kids become complex with thinking (I am an environmentalist, I believe in god)
High self esteem is correlated with
Positive developmental outcomes
Be confident! It does good
Better grades, greater ability to resist peer pressure
Low self esteem is associated with
Poorer mental health and physical health
Eating disorders, anxiety, depression
4 gender role types
Androgynous
Feminine
Masculine
Undifferentiated
Androgynous
Individual sees themselves with both masculine and feminine traits
Undifferentiated
Individuals describe themselves as lacking both feminine and masculine traits
Gender role identity
The gender related aspects of the psychological self
Androgynous or masculine gender role identities are associated with:
Higher self esteem among both boys and girls
Girls with a feminine gender identity are more prone to:
Rumination
(A thought process that focussed on anxiety-inducing stimuli and can lead to depression
(Peer judgment, physical attractiveness)
How many ethic identities?
200+ in Canada
Minority teens face the task of creating:
2 faces for theme selves, sense of Individual and a ethnic identity
Ethnic identity
A sense of belonging to an ethnic group
3 stages of ethnic identity
Unexamined ethnjc identity: younger children don’t pay attention to ethnicity
Ethnic identity search: becomes aware of ethnicity, looks differences in values and culture
Ethnic identity achievement: develop a secure sense of memebership and pride in ethnicity
Bicultural identity
Personal identification and satisfaction with more than one culture
(Feel more positive about their ethnic group, and have favourable relationships with other ethnic groups too)
Kohl berg concluded there are ___ maim levels of moral reasoning, each with ___ substages
3
2
Level 1: _________
stage 1:_________
Description:_________
Preconventional
Punishment and obedience orientation
Teenager decides what is wrong on the basis of punishment (parents are major factor as they will punish you if it’s wrong)
Things to more about Kohlbergs reasoning stages
Results are loosely correlated with age
Children typically reason with omg first 2 stages
Stage 2 and 3 are commonly seen in adolescence
Level 1: ______
Stage 2: ______
Description
Preconventional
Individualism, instrumental, purpose
Children follow rules when it’s in their interest. Be rewarded if they do good, punished if acted bad
Level 2:_____
Stage 3:______
Description
Conventional reasoning
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Moral actions that live up to family expectations. “Being good”
Good behavior is what pleases others
Level two:____
Stage 4:____
Description
Conventional reasoning
Social system and conscience (law and order orientated)
One should uphold laws and fulfill social duties
Level 3:____
Stage 5:_____
Description
Postconventional
Social contract orientation
Acting for the greater good. You know it’s wrong to steal but life over death is more important
Level 3:______
Stage 6:_____
Description
Postconventional
Universal ethnic principles orientation
Self-chosen ethnically principles in determining what is right. Super thought out and carefully planned
This stage is so rare
Preconventioanl reasoning
Judgment based on authority outside the self
If I do this my mom will get mad
Conventional reasoning
Judgments based on rules or norms of a group
What is right or wrong
Postconventional reasoning
Based on integration of individual rights and the needs of society
Role taking
Ability to look at a situation from another persons perspective
_____ appears to be necessary for advancement to the_________ level
Formal operations
Postconventional
The decline of ______ is the cognitive developmental variable that matter most in ___________
Egocentrism
Moral reasoning
Criticisms of kohlbergs reasoning
His approach was too narrow to be considered universal
Non-western cultures don’t fit well in the catagories
Justice is important around the world, but not the #1 importance everywhere
Empathy
Ability to Identify with others emotions is both a cause and concequence of moral development
Carol Gillian
Argued that there are sex differences with moral reasoning
Justice vs caring
Types of antisocial behaviour
Cyrberbullying
Criminality
Antisocial behavior that includes breaking the law
Canada’s youth criminal justice act avoids labelling youths as ______ and focusses on the persons ability to change and be intergrated into society
Criminals
Youth who commit offences appear to be behind their peers in ________ because of deifits in ____________ skillls
Moral reasoning
Role taking skills
Criminal onsets for childhood
Problems are likely to persists into adulthood
Temperament and personality play a role
Parents who risk to prevent bad behaviours may worsen child’s behavior
Display array of other behavioural problems
Adolescent onset for criminality
Parental monitoring can prevent criminality
Criminal behavior is strongly influenced by peers and groups
Teens have two contradictory tasks in their relationships with their parents:
To establish autonomy from them
Maintain a sense of relatedness with them
Teenagers _______ style remains strong
Attachment
A teenagers ____________________________ is more strongly correlated with the __________________ then with the quality of her relationships with peers
Sense of well-being or happiness
Quality of her attachment to her parents
What style of parenting has more positive outcomes
Authoritative
Parental involvement in education and extracurricular activities ___ important for teenager
Is
What gender shows more distress when parents divorce
Girls
Shares activities and interest continue to be important elements in the ___________
Selection of friends in adolescents
Teenage friendships are more intimate, meaning they share more
Inner feelings and secrets
Clique
4-6 young people who are strongly attracted to one another
Crowds
Combination of cliques, which includes both males and females
In later adolescence, social groups become:
Mixed in gender, composing or dating couples,
Gradual progression from same sex friendships to hererosexual relationships occur faster for whom
Girls
Social competence in a varity of relationships predicts the ease of the progression for ______
Romantic relationships
Homosexual teens are more chill with :
Revealing their sexual orientation than before
What age do homosexual and heterosexual teens become aware of attraction
11-12
By what age have teens become committed to LQBT
15
