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Psychology 220 > Chapter 11 and 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 and 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adolescence

A

Transition between childhood and adulthood

The teenage years

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2
Q

Puberty

A

The physical changes that culminate in sexual maturity

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3
Q

Pueberty begins when the ______ sigmas to a child’s _______ to increase its production of androgen

A

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

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4
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Glands that secrete hormones governing growth and other aspects of physical development

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5
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Glands that trigger other glands to release hormones

The master Gland

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6
Q

Gonadotrophic hormones

A

Hormones responsible for the development of the sex organs

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7
Q

Hormone responsible for developing testes

A

Testosterone

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8
Q

Hormone responsible for the development of the ovaries

A

Estrogen

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9
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Include the growth of the testes and penis for men

Growth of ovaries, uterus, and vagina in the female

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10
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Include breast development in girls

Changing voice pitch and beard growth in men

Pubic hair for both

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11
Q

Five stages of sexual maturity

A 
Stage 1: predescent stage 
Stage 2: first signs of Change
Stage 3: intermediate step
Stage 4: intermediate step
Stage 5: final development of adult characteristics
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12
Q

Menarche

A

Beginning of menstrual cycles

Occurs two years after beginning of visible changes

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13
Q

Sexual development on girls

A

Changes in breast and pubic hair, followed by growth spurt, full development of breast and pubic hair

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14
Q

Menarche occurs averagely around age

A

12.7

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15
Q

Secular trend

A

Decline in average age of menarche, due to increased in nutrition and health improvement

Back in 19th century, people were shorter and got late periods (age 17)

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16
Q

Sexual development in boys

A

Peak of growth comes typically late in physical development

Beard development and voice change occurs near end as well

Viable sperm available between 12-14, before they reach peak height

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17
Q

Timing of pueberty

Girls who are early developers experience no _____________ issues or falling _______.

They may associate with ______ teens who show ______ behaviours

A

Self esteem
Falling grades

Older
Antisocial

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18
Q

Girls attain most their adult height at age _____ while boys continue to grow until __/___ years

A

16

18-20

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19
Q

When the skeleton grows, the normal _____ and _____ rules are _____

A

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal

Reversed!!
Meaning hands and feet grow first in pueberty

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20
Q

Changes in jaw and teeth

A

In adolescence both jaws grow forward when the permenent teeth come in

Also brings the forehead forward

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21
Q

Joint development: boys vs girls

A

Girls wrists completely develop by mid teens. Boys finally catch up around 18 years old with finer cordination and gain superiority over girls

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22
Q

The muscular system in adolescents

_________ become thicker and denser. Meaning boys and girls both increase in _____.

Healthy girls, %___ rises and %____ falls

Healthy boys, %____ falls and %_____ rises

A

Muscle fibers

%fat rises and %muscle falls

%fat falls and %muscle rises

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23
Q

Heart and lungs ______ in size and _______ drops.

A

Increase

Heart rate

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24
Q

2 major brain spurts in teenage years

A

1) age 13-15: cerebra cortex become thicker, efficient neuronal pathways
2) age 17-early adulthood: frontal lobes of cerebral cortex develop (area responsible for logic and planning)

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25
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Infection of the female reproductive tract that may result from a sexually transmitted disease, leading to infertility

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26
Q

Percentage of teens who have wed before 15

A

9%

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27
Q

Percentage of people who have sex between 15-17

A

30%

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28
Q

Percentage of those who have sex between 18-19 years old

A

68%

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29
Q

Who’s more likely to report not using a condom

A

Females

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30
Q

Two types of sexual safety

A

Condoms and Oral contraceptives

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31
Q

Boys who have sex at a young age typically….

A 
Live in poor neighborhoods 
Have low parental monitoring 
Have relaxed dating rules 
More likely to use alcohol 
We’re abused or neglected as children
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32
Q

Girls who engage in sexual activity at a younger age

A

Went through menarche ealier

Dates at ealier age

Have history of sexual abuse

Have low interest in school

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33
Q

Sexual activity is lower in those who

A

Play spots and other after school activities

Have religious beliefs(no sex, no marriage)

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34
Q

Sti and infections

A

Chlamydia continues to rise in younger teens

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35
Q

Does proving condoms to young teens promote sexual behavior?

A

Nooo

Having condoms does not make more people have sex, but does make it so people use condoms

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36
Q

Having sex Ed and becoming aware of issues related to having sex are:

A

Very important and should be taught in school

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37
Q

Teen pregnancy rates have ______. The _____ is the leading country to have _______ ________. Teen pregnancies are _____ frequent in older adolescence and more likely to happen once the girl ______.

A

Declined

USA

Teen pregnancy

More

Graduates

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38
Q

Teen pregnancy occurs less in those who

A

Do well in school

Have good communication with mothers

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39
Q

Sensation seeking

A

Teenagers heightened desire to experience increased levels of arousal

Fast driving, switching lanes, trying drugs,

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40
Q

Average age of drug and alcohol use:

A

13-14 years old

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41
Q

1 cause of death for teens

A

Car accidents

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42
Q

Slightly more than ___% or grade 7-9 have used alcohol in the last year

A

25

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43
Q

The issues with teenage drinking

A

Teenager have the third highest rates of impaired driving rates

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44
Q

Cigarette smoking has _____.

____ often smoke more than ____ at a younger age

A

Decline

Boys / girls

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45
Q

Bulimia (bulimia Nervosa)

A

Eating disorder characterized by binge eating the puking it all up

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46
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder characterized by self starvation

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47
Q

Completed suicide is _____ times higher in adolescent ____ than ______

A

3.5x

Boys
Girls

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48
Q

Suicide attempts are far more higher in _____ than _____

A

Girls

Boys

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49
Q

2nd leading cause of death in teens

A

Suicide

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50
Q

Medication for depression

A

SSRI’s lead to negative side effects

Increasing suicide thoughts

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51
Q

Piaget’s formal operational stage

A

Fourth and final stage

Adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract ideas

52
Q

Systematic problem solvin

A

Finding a solution to a problem by testing single factors

Changing string length but keeping same weight

53
Q

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A

Ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises

54
Q

Naive-deductive reasoning

A

Mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world

55
Q

By age 14 and 15, ____ and _____ skills of adolescents far exceed those of younger children

A

Metacognitive and metamemory

56
Q

Task goals

A

Goals based on a desire for self improvement

57
Q

Ability goals

A

Goals based on a desire to be superior to others

58
Q

When transitioning to a new school, students typically show

A

Achievement and self esteem declines

59
Q

Kids who drop out of school

A

Often have poor families,
Peer influences
Less involvement in clubs and organizations

60
Q

3 strong predictors or dropping out

A

History of academic failure

Pattern of aggressive behavior

Poor decisions about risky behavior

61
Q

Teens who work between __-___ hours a week often get _____ grades and experience more ____ stress

A

15-20

Poor grades

Chronic stress

62
Q

Genital stage

A

Freuds theory

Period during people reach psychosexual maturity

63
Q

Identify

A

Understanding of ones unique characteristics

64
Q

Central crisis in Ericksons view is

A

Identity role vs role confusion

65
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

Adolescents attain a sense of who they are

66
Q

Identity crisis

A

Ericksons term for a child’s great sense of uncertaincy that arises when an adolescents sense of self becomes “unglued” so a new mature sense of self can be accomplished

67
Q

Marcia offers that adolescent identity formation has two key parts:

A

A crisis

A commitment

68
Q

Crisis

A

Period of decision making when old values and old choices are re-examined

69
Q

The outcome of an re-evaluation is called a:

A

Commitment

70
Q

4 different identity statuses

A

Identity achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Identity diffusion

71
Q

Identity achievement

A

Person have been through a crisis, and has reached a commitment to goals

Med school or graduate school

72
Q

Moratorium

A

The identity status of a person who is in a crisis, but who has made no commitment

This or that, can’t decide

73
Q

Foreclosure

A

Identity status of a person who has made a commitment, without having gone through a crisis, person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment

Parents said to to med school

74
Q

Identity diffusion

A

Identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment

75
Q

Body description differ from 9 year olds to 12 year olds how?

A

Younger kids stick to physical description (blue eyes, tall)

Older kids become complex with thinking (I am an environmentalist, I believe in god)

76
Q

High self esteem is correlated with

A

Positive developmental outcomes

Be confident! It does good

Better grades, greater ability to resist peer pressure

77
Q

Low self esteem is associated with

A

Poorer mental health and physical health

Eating disorders, anxiety, depression

78
Q

4 gender role types

A

Androgynous
Feminine
Masculine
Undifferentiated

79
Q

Androgynous

A

Individual sees themselves with both masculine and feminine traits

80
Q

Undifferentiated

A

Individuals describe themselves as lacking both feminine and masculine traits

81
Q

Gender role identity

A

The gender related aspects of the psychological self

82
Q

Androgynous or masculine gender role identities are associated with:

A

Higher self esteem among both boys and girls

83
Q

Girls with a feminine gender identity are more prone to:

A

Rumination
(A thought process that focussed on anxiety-inducing stimuli and can lead to depression

(Peer judgment, physical attractiveness)

84
Q

How many ethic identities?

A

200+ in Canada

85
Q

Minority teens face the task of creating:

A

2 faces for theme selves, sense of Individual and a ethnic identity

86
Q

Ethnic identity

A

A sense of belonging to an ethnic group

87
Q

3 stages of ethnic identity

A

Unexamined ethnjc identity: younger children don’t pay attention to ethnicity

Ethnic identity search: becomes aware of ethnicity, looks differences in values and culture

Ethnic identity achievement: develop a secure sense of memebership and pride in ethnicity

88
Q

Bicultural identity

A

Personal identification and satisfaction with more than one culture

(Feel more positive about their ethnic group, and have favourable relationships with other ethnic groups too)

89
Q

Kohl berg concluded there are ___ maim levels of moral reasoning, each with ___ substages

A

3

2

90
Q

Level 1: _________
stage 1:_________

Description:_________

A

Preconventional

Punishment and obedience orientation

Teenager decides what is wrong on the basis of punishment (parents are major factor as they will punish you if it’s wrong)

91
Q

Things to more about Kohlbergs reasoning stages

A

Results are loosely correlated with age

Children typically reason with omg first 2 stages

Stage 2 and 3 are commonly seen in adolescence

92
Q

Level 1: ______
Stage 2: ______

Description

A

Preconventional

Individualism, instrumental, purpose

Children follow rules when it’s in their interest. Be rewarded if they do good, punished if acted bad

93
Q

Level 2:_____
Stage 3:______

Description

A

Conventional reasoning

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Moral actions that live up to family expectations. “Being good”

Good behavior is what pleases others

94
Q

Level two:____
Stage 4:____

Description

A

Conventional reasoning

Social system and conscience (law and order orientated)

One should uphold laws and fulfill social duties

95
Q

Level 3:____
Stage 5:_____

Description

A

Postconventional

Social contract orientation

Acting for the greater good. You know it’s wrong to steal but life over death is more important

96
Q

Level 3:______
Stage 6:_____

Description

A

Postconventional

Universal ethnic principles orientation

Self-chosen ethnically principles in determining what is right. Super thought out and carefully planned

This stage is so rare

97
Q

Preconventioanl reasoning

A

Judgment based on authority outside the self

If I do this my mom will get mad

98
Q

Conventional reasoning

A

Judgments based on rules or norms of a group

What is right or wrong

99
Q

Postconventional reasoning

A

Based on integration of individual rights and the needs of society

100
Q

Role taking

A

Ability to look at a situation from another persons perspective

101
Q

_____ appears to be necessary for advancement to the_________ level

A

Formal operations

Postconventional

102
Q

The decline of ______ is the cognitive developmental variable that matter most in ___________

A

Egocentrism

Moral reasoning

103
Q

Criticisms of kohlbergs reasoning

A

His approach was too narrow to be considered universal

Non-western cultures don’t fit well in the catagories

Justice is important around the world, but not the #1 importance everywhere

104
Q

Empathy

A

Ability to Identify with others emotions is both a cause and concequence of moral development

105
Q

Carol Gillian

A

Argued that there are sex differences with moral reasoning

Justice vs caring

106
Q

Types of antisocial behaviour

A

Cyrberbullying

107
Q

Criminality

A

Antisocial behavior that includes breaking the law

108
Q

Canada’s youth criminal justice act avoids labelling youths as ______ and focusses on the persons ability to change and be intergrated into society

A

Criminals

109
Q

Youth who commit offences appear to be behind their peers in ________ because of deifits in ____________ skillls

A

Moral reasoning

Role taking skills

110
Q

Criminal onsets for childhood

A

Problems are likely to persists into adulthood

Temperament and personality play a role

Parents who risk to prevent bad behaviours may worsen child’s behavior

Display array of other behavioural problems

111
Q

Adolescent onset for criminality

A

Parental monitoring can prevent criminality

Criminal behavior is strongly influenced by peers and groups

112
Q

Teens have two contradictory tasks in their relationships with their parents:

A

To establish autonomy from them

Maintain a sense of relatedness with them

113
Q

Teenagers _______ style remains strong

A

Attachment

114
Q

A teenagers ____________________________ is more strongly correlated with the __________________ then with the quality of her relationships with peers

A

Sense of well-being or happiness

Quality of her attachment to her parents

115
Q

What style of parenting has more positive outcomes

A

Authoritative

116
Q

Parental involvement in education and extracurricular activities ___ important for teenager

A

Is

117
Q

What gender shows more distress when parents divorce

A

Girls

118
Q

Shares activities and interest continue to be important elements in the ___________

A

Selection of friends in adolescents

119
Q

Teenage friendships are more intimate, meaning they share more

A

Inner feelings and secrets

120
Q

Clique

A

4-6 young people who are strongly attracted to one another

121
Q

Crowds

A

Combination of cliques, which includes both males and females

122
Q

In later adolescence, social groups become:

A

Mixed in gender, composing or dating couples,

123
Q

Gradual progression from same sex friendships to hererosexual relationships occur faster for whom

A

Girls

124
Q

Social competence in a varity of relationships predicts the ease of the progression for ______

A

Romantic relationships

125
Q

Homosexual teens are more chill with :

A

Revealing their sexual orientation than before

126
Q

What age do homosexual and heterosexual teens become aware of attraction

A

11-12

127
Q

By what age have teens become committed to LQBT

A

15

Psychology 220 (10 decks)

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