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Psychology 220 > Chapter 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Conception occurs when

A

Sperm penetrates an ovum

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2
Q

At conception,

A

The 23 chromosomes from sperm meet with 23chromosomes from ovum to make a 23 paired cell

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3
Q

23 pairs of chromosomes new cell called

A

Zygote

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4
Q

Sex of baby is determined by

A

The mans sperm either being X(girl) or Y(male)

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5
Q

Fraternal / dizygotic twins

A

Conceived when two eggs are fertilized by 2 sperm

Can be different genders, 2 seperate babies

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6
Q

Identical or monozygotic twins

A

Single fertilized ovum separates into two parts

Have identical genes

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7
Q

Over last 30 years the # of multiple births has ____

Leading to rate or triplets, quadruplets, to increase over ____%

A

Tripled

230%

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8
Q

Why women over 35 have twins more?

A

Women are naturally more likely, no one knows why

And due to their age; they use assisted reproduction procedures (like ovum drugs)

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9
Q

Assisted human reproduction

A

Bill C6 protects women

Fertility drugs are available to couples having sexual issues

Cryopreservstion freezes multiple embryos

Artificial insenination: injects some directly into women

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10
Q

Pregnancy

A

Physical condition in which a women’s body is nurturing a developing fetus

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11
Q

First trimester

A

Conception to 12 weeks

Zygote implants itself in lining of women’s uterus

Morning sickness occurs here!!! Breast swelling

Prenatal care is essential to prevent birth defects

Greatest risk of miscarriage

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12
Q

All of babies organs form in the first

A

8 weeks

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13
Q

Second trimester

A

12-24 weeks

Women’s gains weight and uterus expands

Women’s begins to feel fetus move

Parental visits include monitoring mother and babies vitals and keeping track of wombs growth

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14
Q

Third trimester

A

25 weeks to labour

Weight gain and abnormal enlargement

Women emotionally connected to baby

Toxaemia May occur

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15
Q

Toxaemia

A

Sudden increase in blood pressure

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16
Q

Postpartum care / 4th trimester

A

Postpartum women need more care, on an ongoing basis

Women centered

Checkups moved from 6 weeks to 3

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17
Q

Cephalocaudal pattern

A

Development proceeds from head downwards

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18
Q

Proximodistal pattern

A

Development from centre of body to outside

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19
Q

Prenatal development stages

A

Germinal - embryonic - fetal

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20
Q

Germinal stage

A

First 2 weeks of gestation, from conception to implantation

Cell division rapidly happens

Words to know for this stage: placenta, umbilical cord, amnion

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21
Q

Placenta

A

Specialized organ that allows substances to be transfered from mother to embryo and embryo to mother without mixing blood

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22
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Organ that connects the embryo to placenta

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23
Q

Amnion

A

Fluid filled sac in which the fetus floats until just before it is born

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24
Q

Embryonic stage

A

Begins when implantation is complete, at about the end of 2nd week

Cells start to specialize and come together

Words to know: neurons, gonads, organogenesis

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25
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells of the nervous system

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26
Q

Gonads

A

Sex glands

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27
Q

Organogenesis

A

Process of organ development

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28
Q

Neuronal proliferation

A

During weeks 10-18 neutral formation picks up dramatically

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29
Q

Between weeks 13 and 21…

A

Neurons migrate to the parts of the brain where they will reside for entire lifetime

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30
Q

Fetal stage

A

Begging at end of week 8 and continuing until birth (7 months)

This stage involves refinement of the organs system, especially lungs and brain

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31
Q

Viability

A

Ability of the fetus to survive outside of the womb

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32
Q

By week 12

A

Fetus can be seen as male or female

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33
Q

Sex differences for males

A

More physically active fetus

Male embryo secretes testosterone

Subtle difference in prenatal brain development

More vulnerable to prenatal issues

More likely to be aborted

More likely to have birth defects

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34
Q

Prenatal behavior

A

Newborns remember stimuli from when in belly

Such as music, mothers heartbeat, odour from fluids

Active fetus = active child

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35
Q

Congenital anomaly

A

Abnormality present at birth

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36
Q

Genetica disorders

A

High blood pressure
Huntington’s disease
Extra fingers
Schizophrenia

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37
Q

Sex linked disorders

A

Red-green colour blindness

Hemophilia

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38
Q

Trisomies

A

Condition in which a child has three copies of a specific autosome

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39
Q

Most common trisomy

A

Trisomy 21: Down syndrome

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40
Q

Klinfelter syndrome

A

Affects boys look the same but have underdeveloped testes, low sperm production

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41
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Anatomically female but show stunted growth

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42
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that cause damage to an embryo or fetus

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43
Q

Greatest risk of teratogens is in the first _____ weeks

A

8 weeks

As this is when organs develop

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44
Q

Examples of teratogens

A

HIV
CMV (type of herpes)
Gonorrhea
Syphilis

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45
Q

Mothers who use / take drugs

A

Very dangerous, advice doctors for drugs

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46
Q

Mothers who smoke during pregnancy

A

Lower birth weight

Have higher risk of miscarriage, stillborn, premature birth

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47
Q

Mothers who drink while pregnant

A

Can affect zygote

Produce babies with fetal alcohol syndrome (have smaller brains)

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48
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome aspects

A

Baby has heart issues, hearing loss, distinct faces with small eyes, flat nose, long space between nose and mouth

Shorter than normal, stupid

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49
Q

Other factors that can affect prenatal development

A

Mothers diet, age, and physical and mental health

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50
Q

Diet

A

Folic acid!! Women need

Lots of calories and protein

Malnutrition = low birth weight

BMI: body mass index

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51
Q

Age

A

Women over 35 run risks of heart issues or chromosomal disorders

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52
Q

Chronic illnesses

A

Mothers with heart disease, diabetes, lupus, epilepsy can damage babies

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53
Q

3 broad categories or teratogens

A

Mutagenic
Environmental
Unknown

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54
Q

Mutagens

A

Agents that cause changes in genomic DNA

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55
Q

Germinal mutations

A

Type of mutagenic teratogens caused by radiation and chemical toxins

X rays

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56
Q

Environmental teratogens

A

Environmental agents can have direct effects on prenatal development by damaging cells, or disrupting normal cell development

Interfere with cell proliferation (increase in cells by growth and cell division) or with cell migration

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57
Q

Epimutagenic teratogens

A

Cause abnormal gene silencing or expression

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58
Q

Paternal influences

Father pass roughly ___% if genetic mutations

Contamination of the mother and fetus can occur through _____ or _____ entering the home

A

55%
Seminal fluids
Toxins

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59
Q

External paternal effects

A

Smoking in house

Physical abuse to wife

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60
Q

How to screen women for congenital defects?

A

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Amniocentesis
Alpha-fetoprotein sampling
Fetoscopy

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61
Q

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

Cells extracted from the placenta

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62
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Needle extracts amninotic fluid containing fetal cells

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63
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein sampling

A

Present in blood, leads to abnormalities such as brain and spinal cord issues

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64
Q

Fetoscopy

A

Inserting tiny camera into womb to directly observe fetal development

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65
Q

Gestation

A

Process of carrying or being carried in the womb before birth

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66
Q

Birth choices

A

Midwives

Use of drugs?

In a hospital, free standing center, home delivery

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67
Q

Midwives

A

Health care professional who supervise and care for women

Conduct delivery and care for new borne

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68
Q

3 types of drugs to use during birth

A

Analgesics (reduce pain)
Sedatives / tranquilizer (reduce anxiety)
Anaesthesia (blocks pain)

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69
Q

Location of birth

A

Traditional maternity unit
Hospital birthing room
Free standing birth centre
Home delivery

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70
Q

Physical process of birth

A

Steps 1: dilation and effacement
Steps 2: actual delivery
Steps 3: afterbirth

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71
Q

Dialation

A

Opening of cervix large enough for baby to get through (10cm)

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72
Q

Effacement

A

Flattening of cervix

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73
Q

Stage 2

A

When cervix is dialated, actual delivery happens

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74
Q

Stage 3

A

After birth

Delivery of placenta and other material from uterus

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75
Q

Breech presentations

A

Baby comes our feet first or butt first

76
Q

Caesarean section (C section)

A

Surgery to remove the baby

77
Q

During birth, some babies go into _____ which is signalled by ______

A

Fetal distress

Sudden heart rate change

78
Q

Anoxia

A

Oxygen deprivation (pushing on umbilical cord)

79
Q

After birth (the mothers side)

A

Body experiences Hornonal change

May experience depression

Medical follow up 6 weeks later

80
Q

Neonate

A

Term for babies between birth and 1 month

81
Q

Apgar scale

A

Scale used to asses baby in 5 criteria, scoring either a 0,1,2

82
Q

Apgar good score

A

Any score of 7 or higher

83
Q

Apgar warning

A

Score of 4,5,6

84
Q

Apgar critical

A

Score of 3 or lower

85
Q

Apgar scale categories

A 
Heart rate 
Respiratory rate 
Muscle tone 
Response to stimulation of feet 
Colour
86
Q

Apgar heart rate

A

0: no heart rate
1: less than 100 bpm
2: more than 100bpm

87
Q

Apgar respiratory rate

A

0: no breathing
1: weak cry, shallow breathe
2: good cry and regular breathe

88
Q

Apgar muscle tone

A

0: flaccid (soft, hanging loose)
1: some flexion or extremities
2: well flex extremities

89
Q

Apgar: response to stimulation of feet

A

0: no response
1: some motion
2: crying

90
Q

Apgar colour

A

0: blue
1: body pink, extremities blue
2: completely pink

91
Q

Low birth weight

A

2500grams or less

92
Q

Most LBW babies are _____ or born before the _____ week

A

Preterm

38th

93
Q

Small for date

A

Full term but still less than 2500g

94
Q

Babies below ____ grams have significantly higher rates of ________ problems, _______ scores, ______ size. And _____ in school

A

1500grams

Higher rates of problems

Lower intelligence test scores

Smaller size

More problems in school

95
Q

Chapter 4: physical, sensory, and perceptual development in infancy

A

Good job man! You’re killing it, keep going strong

96
Q

During infancy, babies grow ___to___ cm and ____ Body weight in the first year

A

25-30cm

Triple body weight

97
Q

Age 2.5 for boys and age 2.0 for girls, they are _________

A

Half their height

98
Q

Reproductive system is ….

A

Completely former at birth, but not in use until puberty

99
Q

Brain and nervous system….

A

Rapidly develop during the first 2 years

100
Q

What brain parts are developed at birth?

A

Midbrain and medulla

101
Q

Midbrain and medualla do what at birth?

A

Regulate vital functions such as heartbeat and respiratory

Attention, sleeping, waking, movement of head and neck

102
Q

Least developed part of brain at birth

A

Cortex (body movement, thinking, language)

103
Q

Brain structures info

A

Two basic cells: glial and neurons

Synaptic connections

104
Q

Synaptigensis

A

Process of synapse development

105
Q

Weight of brain is ____ by age 4

A

Quadrupled

106
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Proceee in which unused neural pathways and connection are eliminated

Make the nervous system more effort

107
Q

Neuroplacitiy

A

Ability of brain to reorganize its neural structures and functioning in response to experiences

108
Q

Young children need sufficient stimulation in order to

A

Maximize early rapid growth of brain and neruoplastifity

109
Q

Myelination

A

Process in neuronal development in which sheaths made of myelin gradually cover axons and electrically insulate them

110
Q

Myelinzation follows ____ and ___ rules, meaning a baby can ____ over before it ____

A

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns

Control their head movement before they can roll over

111
Q

Recticular formation

A

Part of brain that regulates attention

Not fully mylinized until mid 20’s

112
Q

Adaptive reflexes

A

Such as sucking, helps newborns survive

113
Q

Primitive relflexes

A

Controlled by primitive parts of brain

Disappear at 6 months of age

114
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Soft touch on babies cheek will cause infant to turn, open mouth, and start to suck

Stops at 3 months

115
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Sole of foot is stroked, infant toes ran up and out

Disappears at 12 months

116
Q

Moro reflex

A

Sudden noise or loss or support causes infant to arch back, throw arms and legs out

4-5 months this dissappears

117
Q

States or consciousness

A

Different states of sleep and wakefulness in infants

118
Q

Neonates sleep as much as ___ % of the time

A

80%

119
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Day / night sleep patterns

Happens at 8 weeks

120
Q

By 6 months babies sleep ___ hours a day

A

14

121
Q

Types of cries

A

Basic cry: signals hunger
Anger cry: louder and more intense
Pain cry: very abrupt onset

122
Q

Colic

A

An infant behavior pattern of unknown cause, involving intense daily bouts of crying, totalling 3 or more hours a day for several months

123
Q

Bones

A

Change in size, number, and composition

Changes in number and density of bones accounts for improved conrdination

124
Q

Ossification

A

Process of bones hardening

Begins during prenatal development, ends in pueberty

125
Q

Muscles

A

Muscle fibers all present at birth, although very small and have high ratio of water

126
Q

Lungs and heart

A

Improvements in lung efficiency and increasing strength of heart provided two year old more stamina than an infant

127
Q

3 types of motor skills

A

Locomotor skills
Non-locomotor skills
Manipulative skills

128
Q

Locomotor skills (aka ____)

A

Gross motor skills

Include crawling

129
Q

Nonlocomotor skills

A

Controlling head movements

130
Q

Manipulative skills (aka ____)

A

Fine motor control

Use of hands and fingers

131
Q

Developmental milestones

A

Near universal, Age related events, whose appearance shows noteworthy change

132
Q

Motor skill at 1 month

A

Stepping reflex

Lifts head, eyes follow objects

133
Q

Motor skills at 2-3 months

A

Lift head when laying on stomach

Swipes object in front

134
Q

Motor skills at 4-6 months

A

Rolls over, sits with support, moves on hands and knees

135
Q

Motor skills at 7-9 months

A

Sits without support

Crawling

Transfer objects to hands

136
Q

Motor skills at 10-12 months

A

Pulls self up and walks grasping furniture

Shows hand preference

137
Q

Motor skills from 13-18 months

A

Walks backwards, sideways and runs

Claps

Stacks blocks

138
Q

Motor skills from 19-24 months

A

Walks up and down stairs

Jumps with both feet

Uses spoon

139
Q

Gender differences

A

Girls are ahead during infancy

Boys are more active, prefer rough and tumble play, more aggressive than girls

Boys have higher morality rates and developmental delays

140
Q

Nutrition for babies

A

Breastfeeding is superior to bottle feed

141
Q

Why is breastfeeding better?

A

Leads to weight gain and size

Less likely to suffer from common illnesses

Stimulates better immune system functioning

142
Q

Why breastfeeding may no work…

A

Preterm babies need special formula to get amino acids and fats

Drugs or medicines transmit through milk, may hurt baby

143
Q

Macronutrient malnutrition

A

Contains too few calaries

Leading death of infants under 5

144
Q

Marasmus

A

Severe calorie deficit
Extremely small baby
Permanent brain damage

145
Q

Kwashiorkor diet

A

Too low in protein

Chronically ill with large amounts of water in belly

146
Q

Micronutrient malnutrition

A

Lack of vitamins and minerals

Mortality can reduce 23% by taking vitamin A

147
Q

Immunization

A

Infants need constant check ups

Immunization starting at 2 months and going to adolescence

148
Q

Full set of immunization

A

Chicken poxks, hepatitis, tetanus, influenza, polio, mono, meningitis, measles, mumps

149
Q

Infant illnesses

A

Average baby has 7 respiratory illnesses within first year of life

Babies in daycares have twice as many infections as those who stay at home

150
Q

Infants with chronic ear infections….

A

Are more likely to have learning disabilities and language deficits

151
Q

Preterm birth!

Babies born before ____ weeks are consider preterm

A

37 weeks

152
Q

Side effects of preterm babies

A

Experience motor, cognitive, visual, hearing, behavioural and growth problems

Develop slower than regular babies

153
Q

Post term babies!

Babies born after ___ weeks are late!!!

A

42 weeks

Have increase death rate

154
Q

Half of infant deaths occur ….

A

Within 4 months to a year

155
Q

Lower income families experience more

A

Infant mortalities

156
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Sudden death of a health fetus

157
Q

SIDS is leading cause of death between

A

29 days and a year

158
Q

Some factors that cause SIDS

A

Place baby on back when he sleeps

Take away quilts, pillows, and things that may cover infants head

Avoid laying baby on soft surfaces or on loose bedding

Avoid sharing a bed with a baby

Don’t smoke near baby

159
Q

When study sensory skills, we ask

A

What information the sensory organ received

160
Q

Visual acuity

A

Vision is poor at first but develops rapidly

How well can one see at a distance

161
Q

Tracking

A

Smoothly following an item with your eye

Starts poor but improves

162
Q

Colour vision

A

1 month, baby can see red, greeb, blue

163
Q

Hearing

A

Newborns hear as well as adults do

High pitch noises need to be loud

Infants can locate the direction of sound at birth

164
Q

Smell and taste

A

If you can’t smell, your taste is fucked too

Babies treat different tastes differently

165
Q

Touch and motion

A

Best developed sense of all

166
Q

Perceptual skills

A

What the individual does with the information

How is it interpreted? How is it combined

167
Q

Preference technique

A

Research method in which a researcher keeps track of how long a baby looks at an object

168
Q

Habituation

A

The decline in response that occurs as stimulus becomes familiar

169
Q

Dishabituation

A

Reoccurrence of a response to a stimulus that has undergone habituation

170
Q

Operant conditioning in babies perceptual skills

A

Baby hears a sound and turns head

171
Q

Early visual stimulation info

A

There’s critical periods in infancy when a child needs a specific quality of visual stimulation in order to develop normal visual perception

172
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to judge the distance of an object

173
Q

Binocular cues

A

Involves both eyes

The closer the object, the more the view from the two eyes differ

174
Q

Pictorial or monocular cues

A

Input from one eye

If an object is behind another you can see the distance

175
Q

Linear perspective

A

Lines get closer as they move further apart

176
Q

Kinectic cues

A

Motion of the object

177
Q

What type of faces do babies prefer

A

Attractive faces

178
Q

Babies prefer ____ face over a _____

A

Moms / stranger

179
Q

At ___ months, a baby can discriminate the ____ sounds and the _____ sound

A

1 month

Pa sound and ba sound

180
Q

At ____ months, babies can discriminate _______ words

A

6 months
Two syllable words

“Bada. Baga”

181
Q

By ____ months, babies can recognize ____ or ___ and ____ and _____

A

3 months

Male/ Female

Young/ old

182
Q

Newborns can discriminate their ____ voice but not their ____ from a stranger

A

Mothers

Fathers

183
Q

Intermodal perception

A

Formation of a single perception of a stimulus that is based on information from 2 or more senses

184
Q

Cross model transfer

A

Transfer of info from one sense to another

185
Q

Nativist

A

Theorists who claim perceptual abilities are inborn

186
Q

Experiential aspects

A

Minimum exposure to sensory stimuli is required for normal development

187
Q

Intergrating nativism and empiricism

A

Both and nuture involved

Psychology 220 (10 decks)

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