Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards
Conception occurs when
Sperm penetrates an ovum
At conception,
The 23 chromosomes from sperm meet with 23chromosomes from ovum to make a 23 paired cell
23 pairs of chromosomes new cell called
Zygote
Sex of baby is determined by
The mans sperm either being X(girl) or Y(male)
Fraternal / dizygotic twins
Conceived when two eggs are fertilized by 2 sperm
Can be different genders, 2 seperate babies
Identical or monozygotic twins
Single fertilized ovum separates into two parts
Have identical genes
Over last 30 years the # of multiple births has ____
Leading to rate or triplets, quadruplets, to increase over ____%
Tripled
230%
Why women over 35 have twins more?
Women are naturally more likely, no one knows why
And due to their age; they use assisted reproduction procedures (like ovum drugs)
Assisted human reproduction
Bill C6 protects women
Fertility drugs are available to couples having sexual issues
Cryopreservstion freezes multiple embryos
Artificial insenination: injects some directly into women
Pregnancy
Physical condition in which a women’s body is nurturing a developing fetus
First trimester
Conception to 12 weeks
Zygote implants itself in lining of women’s uterus
Morning sickness occurs here!!! Breast swelling
Prenatal care is essential to prevent birth defects
Greatest risk of miscarriage
All of babies organs form in the first
8 weeks
Second trimester
12-24 weeks
Women’s gains weight and uterus expands
Women’s begins to feel fetus move
Parental visits include monitoring mother and babies vitals and keeping track of wombs growth
Third trimester
25 weeks to labour
Weight gain and abnormal enlargement
Women emotionally connected to baby
Toxaemia May occur
Toxaemia
Sudden increase in blood pressure
Postpartum care / 4th trimester
Postpartum women need more care, on an ongoing basis
Women centered
Checkups moved from 6 weeks to 3
Cephalocaudal pattern
Development proceeds from head downwards
Proximodistal pattern
Development from centre of body to outside
Prenatal development stages
Germinal - embryonic - fetal
Germinal stage
First 2 weeks of gestation, from conception to implantation
Cell division rapidly happens
Words to know for this stage: placenta, umbilical cord, amnion
Placenta
Specialized organ that allows substances to be transfered from mother to embryo and embryo to mother without mixing blood
Umbilical cord
Organ that connects the embryo to placenta
Amnion
Fluid filled sac in which the fetus floats until just before it is born
Embryonic stage
Begins when implantation is complete, at about the end of 2nd week
Cells start to specialize and come together
Words to know: neurons, gonads, organogenesis
Neurons
Specialized cells of the nervous system
Gonads
Sex glands
Organogenesis
Process of organ development
Neuronal proliferation
During weeks 10-18 neutral formation picks up dramatically
Between weeks 13 and 21…
Neurons migrate to the parts of the brain where they will reside for entire lifetime
Fetal stage
Begging at end of week 8 and continuing until birth (7 months)
This stage involves refinement of the organs system, especially lungs and brain
Viability
Ability of the fetus to survive outside of the womb
By week 12
Fetus can be seen as male or female
Sex differences for males
More physically active fetus
Male embryo secretes testosterone
Subtle difference in prenatal brain development
More vulnerable to prenatal issues
More likely to be aborted
More likely to have birth defects
Prenatal behavior
Newborns remember stimuli from when in belly
Such as music, mothers heartbeat, odour from fluids
Active fetus = active child
Congenital anomaly
Abnormality present at birth
Genetica disorders
High blood pressure
Huntington’s disease
Extra fingers
Schizophrenia
Sex linked disorders
Red-green colour blindness
Hemophilia
Trisomies
Condition in which a child has three copies of a specific autosome
Most common trisomy
Trisomy 21: Down syndrome
Klinfelter syndrome
Affects boys look the same but have underdeveloped testes, low sperm production
Turners syndrome
Anatomically female but show stunted growth
Teratogens
Agents that cause damage to an embryo or fetus
Greatest risk of teratogens is in the first _____ weeks
8 weeks
As this is when organs develop
Examples of teratogens
HIV
CMV (type of herpes)
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Mothers who use / take drugs
Very dangerous, advice doctors for drugs
Mothers who smoke during pregnancy
Lower birth weight
Have higher risk of miscarriage, stillborn, premature birth
Mothers who drink while pregnant
Can affect zygote
Produce babies with fetal alcohol syndrome (have smaller brains)
Fetal alcohol syndrome aspects
Baby has heart issues, hearing loss, distinct faces with small eyes, flat nose, long space between nose and mouth
Shorter than normal, stupid
Other factors that can affect prenatal development
Mothers diet, age, and physical and mental health
Diet
Folic acid!! Women need
Lots of calories and protein
Malnutrition = low birth weight
BMI: body mass index
Age
Women over 35 run risks of heart issues or chromosomal disorders
Chronic illnesses
Mothers with heart disease, diabetes, lupus, epilepsy can damage babies
3 broad categories or teratogens
Mutagenic
Environmental
Unknown
Mutagens
Agents that cause changes in genomic DNA
Germinal mutations
Type of mutagenic teratogens caused by radiation and chemical toxins
X rays
Environmental teratogens
Environmental agents can have direct effects on prenatal development by damaging cells, or disrupting normal cell development
Interfere with cell proliferation (increase in cells by growth and cell division) or with cell migration
Epimutagenic teratogens
Cause abnormal gene silencing or expression
Paternal influences
Father pass roughly ___% if genetic mutations
Contamination of the mother and fetus can occur through _____ or _____ entering the home
55%
Seminal fluids
Toxins
External paternal effects
Smoking in house
Physical abuse to wife
How to screen women for congenital defects?
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Amniocentesis
Alpha-fetoprotein sampling
Fetoscopy
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Cells extracted from the placenta
Amniocentesis
Needle extracts amninotic fluid containing fetal cells
Alpha-fetoprotein sampling
Present in blood, leads to abnormalities such as brain and spinal cord issues
Fetoscopy
Inserting tiny camera into womb to directly observe fetal development
Gestation
Process of carrying or being carried in the womb before birth
Birth choices
Midwives
Use of drugs?
In a hospital, free standing center, home delivery
Midwives
Health care professional who supervise and care for women
Conduct delivery and care for new borne
3 types of drugs to use during birth
Analgesics (reduce pain)
Sedatives / tranquilizer (reduce anxiety)
Anaesthesia (blocks pain)
Location of birth
Traditional maternity unit
Hospital birthing room
Free standing birth centre
Home delivery
Physical process of birth
Steps 1: dilation and effacement
Steps 2: actual delivery
Steps 3: afterbirth
Dialation
Opening of cervix large enough for baby to get through (10cm)
Effacement
Flattening of cervix
Stage 2
When cervix is dialated, actual delivery happens
Stage 3
After birth
Delivery of placenta and other material from uterus
Breech presentations
Baby comes our feet first or butt first
Caesarean section (C section)
Surgery to remove the baby
During birth, some babies go into _____ which is signalled by ______
Fetal distress
Sudden heart rate change
Anoxia
Oxygen deprivation (pushing on umbilical cord)
After birth (the mothers side)
Body experiences Hornonal change
May experience depression
Medical follow up 6 weeks later
Neonate
Term for babies between birth and 1 month
Apgar scale
Scale used to asses baby in 5 criteria, scoring either a 0,1,2
Apgar good score
Any score of 7 or higher
Apgar warning
Score of 4,5,6
Apgar critical
Score of 3 or lower
Apgar scale categories
Heart rate Respiratory rate Muscle tone Response to stimulation of feet Colour
Apgar heart rate
0: no heart rate
1: less than 100 bpm
2: more than 100bpm
Apgar respiratory rate
0: no breathing
1: weak cry, shallow breathe
2: good cry and regular breathe
Apgar muscle tone
0: flaccid (soft, hanging loose)
1: some flexion or extremities
2: well flex extremities
Apgar: response to stimulation of feet
0: no response
1: some motion
2: crying
Apgar colour
0: blue
1: body pink, extremities blue
2: completely pink
Low birth weight
2500grams or less
Most LBW babies are _____ or born before the _____ week
Preterm
38th
Small for date
Full term but still less than 2500g
Babies below ____ grams have significantly higher rates of ________ problems, _______ scores, ______ size. And _____ in school
1500grams
Higher rates of problems
Lower intelligence test scores
Smaller size
More problems in school
Chapter 4: physical, sensory, and perceptual development in infancy
Good job man! You’re killing it, keep going strong
During infancy, babies grow ___to___ cm and ____ Body weight in the first year
25-30cm
Triple body weight
Age 2.5 for boys and age 2.0 for girls, they are _________
Half their height
Reproductive system is ….
Completely former at birth, but not in use until puberty
Brain and nervous system….
Rapidly develop during the first 2 years
What brain parts are developed at birth?
Midbrain and medulla
Midbrain and medualla do what at birth?
Regulate vital functions such as heartbeat and respiratory
Attention, sleeping, waking, movement of head and neck
Least developed part of brain at birth
Cortex (body movement, thinking, language)
Brain structures info
Two basic cells: glial and neurons
Synaptic connections
Synaptigensis
Process of synapse development
Weight of brain is ____ by age 4
Quadrupled
Synaptic pruning
Proceee in which unused neural pathways and connection are eliminated
Make the nervous system more effort
Neuroplacitiy
Ability of brain to reorganize its neural structures and functioning in response to experiences
Young children need sufficient stimulation in order to
Maximize early rapid growth of brain and neruoplastifity
Myelination
Process in neuronal development in which sheaths made of myelin gradually cover axons and electrically insulate them
Myelinzation follows ____ and ___ rules, meaning a baby can ____ over before it ____
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns
Control their head movement before they can roll over
Recticular formation
Part of brain that regulates attention
Not fully mylinized until mid 20’s
Adaptive reflexes
Such as sucking, helps newborns survive
Primitive relflexes
Controlled by primitive parts of brain
Disappear at 6 months of age
Rooting reflex
Soft touch on babies cheek will cause infant to turn, open mouth, and start to suck
Stops at 3 months
Babinski reflex
Sole of foot is stroked, infant toes ran up and out
Disappears at 12 months
Moro reflex
Sudden noise or loss or support causes infant to arch back, throw arms and legs out
4-5 months this dissappears
States or consciousness
Different states of sleep and wakefulness in infants
Neonates sleep as much as ___ % of the time
80%
Circadian rhythms
Day / night sleep patterns
Happens at 8 weeks
By 6 months babies sleep ___ hours a day
14
Types of cries
Basic cry: signals hunger
Anger cry: louder and more intense
Pain cry: very abrupt onset
Colic
An infant behavior pattern of unknown cause, involving intense daily bouts of crying, totalling 3 or more hours a day for several months
Bones
Change in size, number, and composition
Changes in number and density of bones accounts for improved conrdination
Ossification
Process of bones hardening
Begins during prenatal development, ends in pueberty
Muscles
Muscle fibers all present at birth, although very small and have high ratio of water
Lungs and heart
Improvements in lung efficiency and increasing strength of heart provided two year old more stamina than an infant
3 types of motor skills
Locomotor skills
Non-locomotor skills
Manipulative skills
Locomotor skills (aka ____)
Gross motor skills
Include crawling
Nonlocomotor skills
Controlling head movements
Manipulative skills (aka ____)
Fine motor control
Use of hands and fingers
Developmental milestones
Near universal, Age related events, whose appearance shows noteworthy change
Motor skill at 1 month
Stepping reflex
Lifts head, eyes follow objects
Motor skills at 2-3 months
Lift head when laying on stomach
Swipes object in front
Motor skills at 4-6 months
Rolls over, sits with support, moves on hands and knees
Motor skills at 7-9 months
Sits without support
Crawling
Transfer objects to hands
Motor skills at 10-12 months
Pulls self up and walks grasping furniture
Shows hand preference
Motor skills from 13-18 months
Walks backwards, sideways and runs
Claps
Stacks blocks
Motor skills from 19-24 months
Walks up and down stairs
Jumps with both feet
Uses spoon
Gender differences
Girls are ahead during infancy
Boys are more active, prefer rough and tumble play, more aggressive than girls
Boys have higher morality rates and developmental delays
Nutrition for babies
Breastfeeding is superior to bottle feed
Why is breastfeeding better?
Leads to weight gain and size
Less likely to suffer from common illnesses
Stimulates better immune system functioning
Why breastfeeding may no work…
Preterm babies need special formula to get amino acids and fats
Drugs or medicines transmit through milk, may hurt baby
Macronutrient malnutrition
Contains too few calaries
Leading death of infants under 5
Marasmus
Severe calorie deficit
Extremely small baby
Permanent brain damage
Kwashiorkor diet
Too low in protein
Chronically ill with large amounts of water in belly
Micronutrient malnutrition
Lack of vitamins and minerals
Mortality can reduce 23% by taking vitamin A
Immunization
Infants need constant check ups
Immunization starting at 2 months and going to adolescence
Full set of immunization
Chicken poxks, hepatitis, tetanus, influenza, polio, mono, meningitis, measles, mumps
Infant illnesses
Average baby has 7 respiratory illnesses within first year of life
Babies in daycares have twice as many infections as those who stay at home
Infants with chronic ear infections….
Are more likely to have learning disabilities and language deficits
Preterm birth!
Babies born before ____ weeks are consider preterm
37 weeks
Side effects of preterm babies
Experience motor, cognitive, visual, hearing, behavioural and growth problems
Develop slower than regular babies
Post term babies!
Babies born after ___ weeks are late!!!
42 weeks
Have increase death rate
Half of infant deaths occur ….
Within 4 months to a year
Lower income families experience more
Infant mortalities
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Sudden death of a health fetus
SIDS is leading cause of death between
29 days and a year
Some factors that cause SIDS
Place baby on back when he sleeps
Take away quilts, pillows, and things that may cover infants head
Avoid laying baby on soft surfaces or on loose bedding
Avoid sharing a bed with a baby
Don’t smoke near baby
When study sensory skills, we ask
What information the sensory organ received
Visual acuity
Vision is poor at first but develops rapidly
How well can one see at a distance
Tracking
Smoothly following an item with your eye
Starts poor but improves
Colour vision
1 month, baby can see red, greeb, blue
Hearing
Newborns hear as well as adults do
High pitch noises need to be loud
Infants can locate the direction of sound at birth
Smell and taste
If you can’t smell, your taste is fucked too
Babies treat different tastes differently
Touch and motion
Best developed sense of all
Perceptual skills
What the individual does with the information
How is it interpreted? How is it combined
Preference technique
Research method in which a researcher keeps track of how long a baby looks at an object
Habituation
The decline in response that occurs as stimulus becomes familiar
Dishabituation
Reoccurrence of a response to a stimulus that has undergone habituation
Operant conditioning in babies perceptual skills
Baby hears a sound and turns head
Early visual stimulation info
There’s critical periods in infancy when a child needs a specific quality of visual stimulation in order to develop normal visual perception
Depth perception
Ability to judge the distance of an object
Binocular cues
Involves both eyes
The closer the object, the more the view from the two eyes differ
Pictorial or monocular cues
Input from one eye
If an object is behind another you can see the distance
Linear perspective
Lines get closer as they move further apart
Kinectic cues
Motion of the object
What type of faces do babies prefer
Attractive faces
Babies prefer ____ face over a _____
Moms / stranger
At ___ months, a baby can discriminate the ____ sounds and the _____ sound
1 month
Pa sound and ba sound
At ____ months, babies can discriminate _______ words
6 months
Two syllable words
“Bada. Baga”
By ____ months, babies can recognize ____ or ___ and ____ and _____
3 months
Male/ Female
Young/ old
Newborns can discriminate their ____ voice but not their ____ from a stranger
Mothers
Fathers
Intermodal perception
Formation of a single perception of a stimulus that is based on information from 2 or more senses
Cross model transfer
Transfer of info from one sense to another
Nativist
Theorists who claim perceptual abilities are inborn
Experiential aspects
Minimum exposure to sensory stimuli is required for normal development
Intergrating nativism and empiricism
Both and nuture involved
