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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of phonological disorder

A

impairment of speech-sound production that differs from age and culturally based norms

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2
Q

Definition of articulation disorder

A

inability to articulate certain speech sounds

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3
Q

Definition of cognates

A

two phonemes that differ by only one characteristic

e.g., /s/ & /z/

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4
Q

Definition of prevalence

A

the percentage of persons who have exhibited a disorder in their lifetime

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5
Q

Definition of incidence

A

the number of persons who develop a disorder within a specific period of time

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6
Q

true or false: prevalence is always a larger number than incidents

A

true

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7
Q

what is the percentage of prevalence of phonological disorders?

A

4%

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8
Q

true or false: girls are affected at higher rates than boys

A

false - boys are more affected

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9
Q

Definition of functional etiology

A

unknown cause

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10
Q

what percent of phonological disorder cases have functional etiology?

A

60%

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11
Q

what are known associations or phonological disorders?

A

otitis media (middle ear disorder)

developmental motor speech disorders

other developmental disorders, such as Down syndrome

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12
Q

Definition of surface representation

A

what we produce: articulation (in the mouth)

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13
Q

Definition of underlying representation

A

phonology (in the mind)

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14
Q

Definition of contrastiveness

A

Phonemes signal a contrast in meaning between two words in a language
(e.g., bat vs hat)

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15
Q

Definition of allophones

A

variations of a single phoneme

e.g., aspirated /p/ and unaspirated/pl

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16
Q

what does IPA stand for?

A

International Phonetic Alphabet

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17
Q

Definition of International Phonetic Alphabet

A

representation of each phoneme used in the world’s languages as a specific symbol; used in phonetic transcription

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18
Q

Definition of articulatory Phonetics

A

the classification of speech sounds which serves as a road map to what the articulators are doing when a phoneme is produced

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19
Q

letters that are produced with very little constriction against air flow

A

vowels

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20
Q

three articulatory characteristics of vowels

A

Height: how high the tongue is placed (high, mid, low)

Frontness: how far forward the tongue is placed (front, central, back)

Roundness: are the lips rounded? (rounded, unrounded)

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21
Q

letters that are produced with more constriction against the airflow

A

consonants

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22
Q

three articulatory characteristics of consonants

A

place of articulation: where in the vocal tract is the constriction? (bilabial, velar, etc.)

manner of articulation: how is the consonant produced? (stop, nasal, etc.)

voicing: are the vocal folds vibrating? (voiced, unvoiced) (/s/ vs /z/)

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23
Q

true or false: all children master phonemes in a predictable order at a predictable rate

A

false – normal children…

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24
Q

by what age are all English phonemes normally mastered?

A

8

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25
Q

three levels of acquisition of consonants

A

Vowels

single consonants

consonant blends

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26
Q

Definition of co-articulation

A

sounds overlap one another during articulation

e.g., the /t/ of tea is produced with lips drawn back, but the /t/ of too is produced with lip rounding

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27
Q

Definition of assimilation

A

the features of one sound take on the features of neighboring sounds

(e.g., the vowel in man is nasalized because of the influence of the nasal consonants around it)

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28
Q

Definition of alphabetic code

A

the relationship between the letters of the alphabet and the sounds they represent

29
Q

Definition of grapheme-phoneme correspondence

A

the sound-symbol relationship

30
Q

Definition of phonics

A

the instruction children receive to help them learn about sound-symbol relationships

31
Q

Definition of phonological awareness

A

the child’s awareness of how running speech can be broken into smaller phonological components, such as wards, syllables, phonemes

32
Q

true or false: all vowels are voiced

A

true

33
Q

true or false: reading is auditory

A

true

34
Q

name two major indicators of a defective phonological system

A

inaccurate representations of individual phonemes or groups of phonemes

ineffective organization of phonemes within the larger phonological system

35
Q

four major symptoms associated with a faulty phonological system

A

Expressive Phonology

Phonological Awareness

Verbal Working Memory

Word Learning and Word Retrieval

36
Q

Definition of expressive Phonology

A

difficulties in producing specific speech sounds

37
Q

Definition of phonological Awareness

A

a lack of sensitivity to the phonological units of spoken language

38
Q

Definition of verbal Working Memory

A

difficulties processing and storing linguistic information, such as holding a sentence in working memory so that its meaning can be processed

39
Q

Definition of Word Learning and Word Retrieval

A

problems accessing and retrieving words from the language system in which words are organized as phonological representations.

40
Q

Definition of developmental phonological disorder

A

an impairment of the phonological system sufficient to impact speech intelligibility with onset prior to 9 years of age

41
Q

Definition of non-developmental speech disorder

A

onset after 9 years of age, perhaps as a result of illness, trauma, or accident

42
Q

Definition of speech difference

A

speech-sound distinctions attributable to linguistic or cultural factors

43
Q

three descriptive subtypes of speech disorders

A

speech delay

questionable residual errors

residual errors

44
Q

Definition of speech delay

A

children between 2 and 9 years with poor intelligibility and high frequency of errors in speech production

45
Q

Definition of questionable residual errors

A

children between 6 and 9 years whose subtle errors do not affect intelligibility

46
Q

Definition of residual errors

A

children older than 9 years who persist in making speech errors

47
Q

five etiology subtypes of speech disorders

A

phonological disorder: unknown origin

phonological disorder: otitis media with effusion

phonological disorder: special populations

motor speech disorders (and mild functional disorders)

psychosocial involvement

48
Q

defining characteristics of phonological Disorders of Unknown Origin

A

small phonemic inventory

phoneme collapse

persisting errors

reduced intelligibility

49
Q

Defining characteristics of phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion

A

phonemic inventory is small

phonemic collapse

persisting errors

reduced intelligibility

50
Q

four specific markers of phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion

A

delayed onset of babbling and meaningful speech

reduced intelligibility

use of nonnatural sound changes

problems with specific classes of sounds

51
Q

two causes and risk factors for phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion

A

under 3 yo

poverty

52
Q

three special populations

A

down syndrome

hearing loss

cleft palate

53
Q

Defining characteristics of down syndrome

A

mental retardation

heart defects

hearing loss

small oral cavity

language delays

54
Q

causes and risk factors of Down syndrome

A

results from a chromosomal abnormality and associated with high maternal age

55
Q

Defining characteristics of hearing loss population

A

limited inventory of phonemes

decreased intelligibility

56
Q

causes and risk factors of hearing loss

A

many prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes

57
Q

Defining characteristics of cleft palate

A

numerous speech errors
-especially with consonants requiring build-up of oral air pressure (Ip/, /b/, etc.)

nasal emission

hypernasality

58
Q

causes and risk factors of cleft palate

A

associated with 400 different syndromes

59
Q

assessment process

A

referral

screening

assessment

Diagnosis

prognosis

60
Q

list five comprehensive Phonological Assessment Activities

A

Caregiver interview and case history

Oral mechanism screening

Hearing screening

Language screening/evaluation

Phonological analysis

61
Q

Definition of spontaneous speech sampling

A

record and analyze a representative sample of the child’s speech

62
Q

Definition of probing

A

used to determine stimulability for individual sounds

63
Q

Definition of stimulability

A

how much and what kind of support is needed for the child to produce the sound correctly

64
Q

what three things are needed to diagnose a phonological disorder?

A

the child’s phonological system is developing at a rate sufficiently different from age-based expectations

the phonological differences are not accounted for by cultural or linguistic factors such as dialect

the phonological difference has an impact on the child’s ability to effectively communicate for social or academic purposes

65
Q

compare: articulatory therapy vs phonological therapy

A

teaching articulatory movements vs teaching phonological rules

66
Q

three principles of phonologically oriented approaches

A

phonological processes or rules are treated

efforts to enhance language and communication are included

contrasts between phonemes are emphasized

67
Q

three points to target selection

A

Target errors or patterns that most affect intelligibility

Target sounds or patterns that are stimulable and not stimulable

Follow developmental norms and select early-acquired sounds and patterns then select later-acquired sounds and patterns

68
Q

Definition of short-term normalization

A

articulate speech is achieved before 6 years of age

69
Q

Definition of long-term normalization

A

articulate speech is achieved after 6 years of age

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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