Chapter 9 Flashcards
Definition of phonological disorder
impairment of speech-sound production that differs from age and culturally based norms
Definition of articulation disorder
inability to articulate certain speech sounds
Definition of cognates
two phonemes that differ by only one characteristic
e.g., /s/ & /z/
Definition of prevalence
the percentage of persons who have exhibited a disorder in their lifetime
Definition of incidence
the number of persons who develop a disorder within a specific period of time
true or false: prevalence is always a larger number than incidents
true
what is the percentage of prevalence of phonological disorders?
4%
true or false: girls are affected at higher rates than boys
false - boys are more affected
Definition of functional etiology
unknown cause
what percent of phonological disorder cases have functional etiology?
60%
what are known associations or phonological disorders?
otitis media (middle ear disorder)
developmental motor speech disorders
other developmental disorders, such as Down syndrome
Definition of surface representation
what we produce: articulation (in the mouth)
Definition of underlying representation
phonology (in the mind)
Definition of contrastiveness
Phonemes signal a contrast in meaning between two words in a language
(e.g., bat vs hat)
Definition of allophones
variations of a single phoneme
e.g., aspirated /p/ and unaspirated/pl
what does IPA stand for?
International Phonetic Alphabet
Definition of International Phonetic Alphabet
representation of each phoneme used in the world’s languages as a specific symbol; used in phonetic transcription
Definition of articulatory Phonetics
the classification of speech sounds which serves as a road map to what the articulators are doing when a phoneme is produced
letters that are produced with very little constriction against air flow
vowels
three articulatory characteristics of vowels
Height: how high the tongue is placed (high, mid, low)
Frontness: how far forward the tongue is placed (front, central, back)
Roundness: are the lips rounded? (rounded, unrounded)
letters that are produced with more constriction against the airflow
consonants
three articulatory characteristics of consonants
place of articulation: where in the vocal tract is the constriction? (bilabial, velar, etc.)
manner of articulation: how is the consonant produced? (stop, nasal, etc.)
voicing: are the vocal folds vibrating? (voiced, unvoiced) (/s/ vs /z/)
true or false: all children master phonemes in a predictable order at a predictable rate
false – normal children…
by what age are all English phonemes normally mastered?
8
three levels of acquisition of consonants
Vowels
single consonants
consonant blends
Definition of co-articulation
sounds overlap one another during articulation
e.g., the /t/ of tea is produced with lips drawn back, but the /t/ of too is produced with lip rounding
Definition of assimilation
the features of one sound take on the features of neighboring sounds
(e.g., the vowel in man is nasalized because of the influence of the nasal consonants around it)
Definition of alphabetic code
the relationship between the letters of the alphabet and the sounds they represent
Definition of grapheme-phoneme correspondence
the sound-symbol relationship
Definition of phonics
the instruction children receive to help them learn about sound-symbol relationships
Definition of phonological awareness
the child’s awareness of how running speech can be broken into smaller phonological components, such as wards, syllables, phonemes
true or false: all vowels are voiced
true
true or false: reading is auditory
true
name two major indicators of a defective phonological system
inaccurate representations of individual phonemes or groups of phonemes
ineffective organization of phonemes within the larger phonological system
four major symptoms associated with a faulty phonological system
Expressive Phonology
Phonological Awareness
Verbal Working Memory
Word Learning and Word Retrieval
Definition of expressive Phonology
difficulties in producing specific speech sounds
Definition of phonological Awareness
a lack of sensitivity to the phonological units of spoken language
Definition of verbal Working Memory
difficulties processing and storing linguistic information, such as holding a sentence in working memory so that its meaning can be processed
Definition of Word Learning and Word Retrieval
problems accessing and retrieving words from the language system in which words are organized as phonological representations.
Definition of developmental phonological disorder
an impairment of the phonological system sufficient to impact speech intelligibility with onset prior to 9 years of age
Definition of non-developmental speech disorder
onset after 9 years of age, perhaps as a result of illness, trauma, or accident
Definition of speech difference
speech-sound distinctions attributable to linguistic or cultural factors
three descriptive subtypes of speech disorders
speech delay
questionable residual errors
residual errors
Definition of speech delay
children between 2 and 9 years with poor intelligibility and high frequency of errors in speech production
Definition of questionable residual errors
children between 6 and 9 years whose subtle errors do not affect intelligibility
Definition of residual errors
children older than 9 years who persist in making speech errors
five etiology subtypes of speech disorders
phonological disorder: unknown origin
phonological disorder: otitis media with effusion
phonological disorder: special populations
motor speech disorders (and mild functional disorders)
psychosocial involvement
defining characteristics of phonological Disorders of Unknown Origin
small phonemic inventory
phoneme collapse
persisting errors
reduced intelligibility
Defining characteristics of phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion
phonemic inventory is small
phonemic collapse
persisting errors
reduced intelligibility
four specific markers of phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion
delayed onset of babbling and meaningful speech
reduced intelligibility
use of nonnatural sound changes
problems with specific classes of sounds
two causes and risk factors for phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion
under 3 yo
poverty
three special populations
down syndrome
hearing loss
cleft palate
Defining characteristics of down syndrome
mental retardation
heart defects
hearing loss
small oral cavity
language delays
causes and risk factors of Down syndrome
results from a chromosomal abnormality and associated with high maternal age
Defining characteristics of hearing loss population
limited inventory of phonemes
decreased intelligibility
causes and risk factors of hearing loss
many prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes
Defining characteristics of cleft palate
numerous speech errors
-especially with consonants requiring build-up of oral air pressure (Ip/, /b/, etc.)
nasal emission
hypernasality
causes and risk factors of cleft palate
associated with 400 different syndromes
assessment process
referral
screening
assessment
Diagnosis
prognosis
list five comprehensive Phonological Assessment Activities
Caregiver interview and case history
Oral mechanism screening
Hearing screening
Language screening/evaluation
Phonological analysis
Definition of spontaneous speech sampling
record and analyze a representative sample of the child’s speech
Definition of probing
used to determine stimulability for individual sounds
Definition of stimulability
how much and what kind of support is needed for the child to produce the sound correctly
what three things are needed to diagnose a phonological disorder?
the child’s phonological system is developing at a rate sufficiently different from age-based expectations
the phonological differences are not accounted for by cultural or linguistic factors such as dialect
the phonological difference has an impact on the child’s ability to effectively communicate for social or academic purposes
compare: articulatory therapy vs phonological therapy
teaching articulatory movements vs teaching phonological rules
three principles of phonologically oriented approaches
phonological processes or rules are treated
efforts to enhance language and communication are included
contrasts between phonemes are emphasized
three points to target selection
Target errors or patterns that most affect intelligibility
Target sounds or patterns that are stimulable and not stimulable
Follow developmental norms and select early-acquired sounds and patterns then select later-acquired sounds and patterns
Definition of short-term normalization
articulate speech is achieved before 6 years of age
Definition of long-term normalization
articulate speech is achieved after 6 years of age
