Chapter 7 Flashcards
Definition of aphasia
a disturbance in the language system after language has been established or learned
Aphasia results from ___ injury to the ___-dominant hemisphere of the brain
neurological; language
true or false: Aphasia includes disturbances of either receptive or expressive abilities for spoken and written language
false - includes disturbances of receptive and/or expressive abilities
true or false: aphasia is an acquired disorder
true
what is the cause of most aphasias?
stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
seven risk factors for a stroke
- Increased age
- Males are at greater risk than females
- African Americans are twice as likely to suffer a stroke as are European Americans
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Tobacco smoking
- Alcohol use
the classification system for aphasias
taxonomy
language deficits that differentiate aphasias
fluency
motor output
language comprehension
naming
repetition
reading and writing
four characteristics of non-fluent aphasia
- Short, choppy phrases
- Slow, labored production of speech
- Grammatical errors
- Telegraphic quality
Definition of Fluent aphasia
speech that flows well with adequate phrase length, but often the content of the language is affected
non-fluent aphasia correlates to injury ___ in the brain
anterior (frontal lobe)
fluent aphasia correlates with ___ brain damage
posterior (temporal-parietal regions)
Definition of motor speech disorder
when areas of the brain controlling motor planning and programming are injured
individuals with a motor speech disorder typically show what symptoms?
slow and labored articulation of sounds
some grouping of the articulators as they seek accurate placement
Definition of Receptive aphasia
aphasia characterized by language comprehension problems
what causes receptive aphasia?
posterior brain lesions, especially those in the temporal lobe
Definition of expressive aphasia
aphasia characterized by language production problems
what causes expressive aphasia?
anterior brain lesions, especially those in the frontal lobe
true or false: in some patients with aphasia, repetition skills are impaired even though spontaneous expression or comprehension is preserved
false - repetition skills are preserved, expression/comprehension is severely impaired
Definition of anomia
inability to retrieve a word; a word-finding problem
true or false: Nearly all people with aphasia have some anomia.
true
what is one of the most persistent deficits in aphasia?
Anomia
Definition of phonemic paraphasia/literal paraphasia
substitution or transposition of a sound
Definition of semantic paraphasia/verbal paraphasia
substitution of a word
phonemic paraphasias are more prevalent in ___, ___ aphasias
non-fluent; expressive
semantic paraphasias are associated with ___ and ___ aphasias
fluent; receptive
true or false: reading and writing deficits parallel the verbal language deficits
true
what part of the brain does Broca’s aphasia effect?
frontal lobe (posterior inferior region of the left hemisphere)
what classifications does Broca’s aphasia posses?
non-fluent effortful articulation telegraphic speech short phrases impaired prosody apraxia of speech
what other aphasia is Broca’s aphasia interchangeable with?
expressive aphasia
what part of the brain does global aphasia effect?
multiple lobes and diffuse lesions
what classifications does global aphasia posses?
non-fluent paraphasias short utterances good repetition difficulty initiating speech
what other aphasia is global aphasia interchangeable with?
both expressive and receptive aphasia
what part of the brain does Wernicke’s aphasia effect?
temporal lobe (posterior portion of parietal lobe of the language-dominate hemisphere)
what classifications does Wernicke’s aphasia posses?
fluent
meaningless speech and jargon
paraphasias
naming difficulties
what other aphasia is Wernicke’s aphasia interchangeable with?
receptive aphasia
five steps in aphasia assessment process
- is it present
- what type is indicated and where is the injury
- treatment plan
- prognosis
- any referrals needed
Definition of spontaneous Recovery
natural, spontaneous healing of the brain without therapeutic interventions
true or false: assessment of aphasia is comprehensive but a one-time process
false - ongoing
Definition of prognostic indicators
variables that assist in predicting recovery: the site of the brain injury, the type and size of the injury, the type and the severity of aphasia, handedness, age, preinjury health, and motivation for treatment
true or false: prognostic indicators are used to specify treatment approaches, including the amount and the type of treatment
true
what is the treatment goal with apashia?
to correct or compensate for speech and language deficits so that individuals can communicate functionally in their daily routines
what should aphasia treatments focus on?
specific deficit areas identified in the evaluation and the underlying processes that produce these impairments
Definition of right Hemisphere Dysfunction (RHD)
when there is neurological damage to the right cerebral hemisphere affecting non language and behavioral functions
seven characteristics of RHD
Lack of awareness of cognitive-linguistic deficits
Lack of awareness, or complete neglect, of the left side of the body
Compromised pragmatics
Tendencies toward using wordy expression
Difficulty recognizing faces (prosopagnosia)
Difficulty understanding or using higher level cognitive-linguistic skills
Dysarthria or dysphagia
RHD requires further testing to determine what?
cognitive-linguistic profile
what does initial therapy for RHD target?
the management of attention and visual disruptions, since these impact productive treatment activities
Definition of TBI
neurological damage to the brain resulting’ from the impact of external forces
Definition of stimulation (in recovery)
arousing the patient’s responses to visual and auditory stimuli
what is the leading cause of death in the US?
TBI
are males or females more likely to suffer a TBI?
males, especially those of low socioeconomic background
Definition of open-head injuries
when the skull and the meninges have been penetrated; the neurological injuries tend to be focal
Definition of closed-head injuries
when the outer protection of the brain remains intact; the brain is jostled within the skull, yielding diffuse neurological injuries
four things TBIs effect
motivation
emotions
temperament
self-awareness
when TBI patients are comatose and require advanced medical support to survive, what kind of observations are made?
subjective and behavioral
three steps in treatment of TBI
stimulation
establish basic communication systems (verbal, gestural, or augmentative)
facilitating independence
Definition of dementia
a chronic and progressive decline in memory, cognition, language, and personality resulting from central nervous system dysfunction
what is the leading cause of dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease, 70% of cases
three defining traits of dementia
Memory impairment (both short- and long-term memory)
cognitive skills impairment (abstract thought, judgment, and executive functions)
Presence of aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia (inability to recognize objects, words, or sounds)
true or false: dementia must have a gradual onset with progressive functional decline over time
true
true or false: dementia results from psychological disturbances such as psychosis, schizophrenia, or delirium
false - it does not result from
five characteristics of mild dementia
forgetfulness
decreased vocabulary, reduced or verbose communication, or anomia
language comprehension is preserved
pragmatics and social skills are well preserved
motor function is intact
five characteristics of moderate dementia
the phase of most dramatic functional change
increasingly disoriented in time and place
poor attention and memory
marked language difficulties
Motor skills are still adequate for walking and eating, although restlessness and roaming are likely
four characteristics of severe dementia
extreme disorientation and minimal, if any, cognitive ability
compromised language skills (repetition and jargon)
severely impaired Comprehension skills
Motor skills vary, but many individuals are wheelchair dependent and unable to control bladder and bowel functions
what does a SLP assess to identify dementia?
cognitive and linguistic skills in comparison to normal behaviors
treatment of mild and moderate dementia
compensation for deficits
treatment of severe dementia
management strategies
