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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of aphasia

A

a disturbance in the language system after language has been established or learned

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2
Q

Aphasia results from ___ injury to the ___-dominant hemisphere of the brain

A

neurological; language

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3
Q

true or false: Aphasia includes disturbances of either receptive or expressive abilities for spoken and written language

A

false - includes disturbances of receptive and/or expressive abilities

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4
Q

true or false: aphasia is an acquired disorder

A

true

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5
Q

what is the cause of most aphasias?

A

stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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6
Q

seven risk factors for a stroke

A
  1. Increased age
  2. Males are at greater risk than females
  3. African Americans are twice as likely to suffer a stroke as are European Americans
  4. Hypertension
  5. Diabetes
  6. Tobacco smoking
  7. Alcohol use
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7
Q

the classification system for aphasias

A

taxonomy

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8
Q

language deficits that differentiate aphasias

A

fluency

motor output

language comprehension

naming

repetition

reading and writing

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9
Q

four characteristics of non-fluent aphasia

A
  1. Short, choppy phrases
  2. Slow, labored production of speech
  3. Grammatical errors
  4. Telegraphic quality
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10
Q

Definition of Fluent aphasia

A

speech that flows well with adequate phrase length, but often the content of the language is affected

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11
Q

non-fluent aphasia correlates to injury ___ in the brain

A

anterior (frontal lobe)

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12
Q

fluent aphasia correlates with ___ brain damage

A

posterior (temporal-parietal regions)

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13
Q

Definition of motor speech disorder

A

when areas of the brain controlling motor planning and programming are injured

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14
Q

individuals with a motor speech disorder typically show what symptoms?

A

slow and labored articulation of sounds

some grouping of the articulators as they seek accurate placement

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15
Q

Definition of Receptive aphasia

A

aphasia characterized by language comprehension problems

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16
Q

what causes receptive aphasia?

A

posterior brain lesions, especially those in the temporal lobe

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17
Q

Definition of expressive aphasia

A

aphasia characterized by language production problems

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18
Q

what causes expressive aphasia?

A

anterior brain lesions, especially those in the frontal lobe

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19
Q

true or false: in some patients with aphasia, repetition skills are impaired even though spontaneous expression or comprehension is preserved

A

false - repetition skills are preserved, expression/comprehension is severely impaired

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20
Q

Definition of anomia

A

inability to retrieve a word; a word-finding problem

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21
Q

true or false: Nearly all people with aphasia have some anomia.

A

true

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22
Q

what is one of the most persistent deficits in aphasia?

A

Anomia

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23
Q

Definition of phonemic paraphasia/literal paraphasia

A

substitution or transposition of a sound

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24
Q

Definition of semantic paraphasia/verbal paraphasia

A

substitution of a word

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25
Q

phonemic paraphasias are more prevalent in ___, ___ aphasias

A

non-fluent; expressive

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26
Q

semantic paraphasias are associated with ___ and ___ aphasias

A

fluent; receptive

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27
Q

true or false: reading and writing deficits parallel the verbal language deficits

A

true

28
Q

what part of the brain does Broca’s aphasia effect?

A

frontal lobe (posterior inferior region of the left hemisphere)

29
Q

what classifications does Broca’s aphasia posses?

A 
non-fluent
effortful articulation
telegraphic speech
short phrases
impaired prosody
apraxia of speech
30
Q

what other aphasia is Broca’s aphasia interchangeable with?

A

expressive aphasia

31
Q

what part of the brain does global aphasia effect?

A

multiple lobes and diffuse lesions

32
Q

what classifications does global aphasia posses?

A 
non-fluent
paraphasias
short utterances
good repetition
difficulty initiating speech
33
Q

what other aphasia is global aphasia interchangeable with?

A

both expressive and receptive aphasia

34
Q

what part of the brain does Wernicke’s aphasia effect?

A

temporal lobe (posterior portion of parietal lobe of the language-dominate hemisphere)

35
Q

what classifications does Wernicke’s aphasia posses?

A

fluent
meaningless speech and jargon
paraphasias
naming difficulties

36
Q

what other aphasia is Wernicke’s aphasia interchangeable with?

A

receptive aphasia

37
Q

five steps in aphasia assessment process

A
  1. is it present
  2. what type is indicated and where is the injury
  3. treatment plan
  4. prognosis
  5. any referrals needed
38
Q

Definition of spontaneous Recovery

A

natural, spontaneous healing of the brain without therapeutic interventions

39
Q

true or false: assessment of aphasia is comprehensive but a one-time process

A

false - ongoing

40
Q

Definition of prognostic indicators

A

variables that assist in predicting recovery: the site of the brain injury, the type and size of the injury, the type and the severity of aphasia, handedness, age, preinjury health, and motivation for treatment

41
Q

true or false: prognostic indicators are used to specify treatment approaches, including the amount and the type of treatment

A

true

42
Q

what is the treatment goal with apashia?

A

to correct or compensate for speech and language deficits so that individuals can communicate functionally in their daily routines

43
Q

what should aphasia treatments focus on?

A

specific deficit areas identified in the evaluation and the underlying processes that produce these impairments

44
Q

Definition of right Hemisphere Dysfunction (RHD)

A

when there is neurological damage to the right cerebral hemisphere affecting non language and behavioral functions

45
Q

seven characteristics of RHD

A

Lack of awareness of cognitive-linguistic deficits

Lack of awareness, or complete neglect, of the left side of the body

Compromised pragmatics

Tendencies toward using wordy expression

Difficulty recognizing faces (prosopagnosia)

Difficulty understanding or using higher level cognitive-linguistic skills

Dysarthria or dysphagia

46
Q

RHD requires further testing to determine what?

A

cognitive-linguistic profile

47
Q

what does initial therapy for RHD target?

A

the management of attention and visual disruptions, since these impact productive treatment activities

48
Q

Definition of TBI

A

neurological damage to the brain resulting’ from the impact of external forces

49
Q

Definition of stimulation (in recovery)

A

arousing the patient’s responses to visual and auditory stimuli

50
Q

what is the leading cause of death in the US?

A

TBI

51
Q

are males or females more likely to suffer a TBI?

A

males, especially those of low socioeconomic background

52
Q

Definition of open-head injuries

A

when the skull and the meninges have been penetrated; the neurological injuries tend to be focal

53
Q

Definition of closed-head injuries

A

when the outer protection of the brain remains intact; the brain is jostled within the skull, yielding diffuse neurological injuries

54
Q

four things TBIs effect

A

motivation

emotions

temperament

self-awareness

55
Q

when TBI patients are comatose and require advanced medical support to survive, what kind of observations are made?

A

subjective and behavioral

56
Q

three steps in treatment of TBI

A

stimulation

establish basic communication systems (verbal, gestural, or augmentative)

facilitating independence

57
Q

Definition of dementia

A

a chronic and progressive decline in memory, cognition, language, and personality resulting from central nervous system dysfunction

58
Q

what is the leading cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, 70% of cases

59
Q

three defining traits of dementia

A

Memory impairment (both short- and long-term memory)

cognitive skills impairment (abstract thought, judgment, and executive functions)

Presence of aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia (inability to recognize objects, words, or sounds)

60
Q

true or false: dementia must have a gradual onset with progressive functional decline over time

A

true

61
Q

true or false: dementia results from psychological disturbances such as psychosis, schizophrenia, or delirium

A

false - it does not result from

62
Q

five characteristics of mild dementia

A

forgetfulness

decreased vocabulary, reduced or verbose communication, or anomia

language comprehension is preserved

pragmatics and social skills are well preserved

motor function is intact

63
Q

five characteristics of moderate dementia

A

the phase of most dramatic functional change

increasingly disoriented in time and place

poor attention and memory

marked language difficulties

Motor skills are still adequate for walking and eating, although restlessness and roaming are likely

64
Q

four characteristics of severe dementia

A

extreme disorientation and minimal, if any, cognitive ability

compromised language skills (repetition and jargon)

severely impaired Comprehension skills

Motor skills vary, but many individuals are wheelchair dependent and unable to control bladder and bowel functions

65
Q

what does a SLP assess to identify dementia?

A

cognitive and linguistic skills in comparison to normal behaviors

66
Q

treatment of mild and moderate dementia

A

compensation for deficits

67
Q

treatment of severe dementia

A

management strategies

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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