Chapter 1 Flashcards
Definition of Communication
The transmission of thoughts or feelings from the mind of a speaker to the mind of a listener.
The four processes of communication
Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension
Definition of Formation
The process of pulling together ones’s thoughts or feelings for sharing with another.
Definition of Transmission
The process of conveying those ideas to another person.
Definition of Reception
The process of receiving the information from another person.
Definition of Comprehension
The process of making sense of the message.
Definition of Modality
The manner in which the information is conveyed.
Three examples of modality
Speech, gesture and writing
The model of communication
Feedback and transmission
Nonlinguistic and paralinguistic feedback
Reception and comprehension
Feedback
Definition of Feedback
Information provided by the receiver to the sender
Two examples of Linguistic feedback
Speaking and vocalizing
Four examples of Nonlinguistic feedback
Eye contact, facial expression, posture, proximity
Three examples of Paralinguistic feedback
Pitch, loudness, pausing
The purpose of communication
To provide and solicit information
Effective Communication occurs when
This occurs when information is successfully shared between a sender and a receiver. There is no breakdown in formulation, transmission, perception or comprehension.
Four characteristics of an effective communicator
effective most of the time
shares through a common modality (speaking, hearing, reading, writing, signing)
Avoids communication breakdowns by responding and giving feedback during conversations.
Uses communication for diverse purposes.
Two requirements in effective communication
No communication breakdowns
Modality must be shared
Grice’s Maxims
Principle of quantity
Principle of quality
Principle of relevance
Principle of manner
Grice’s principal of quantity
The sender provides the right amount and type of information (sufficient information)
Grice’s principle of quality
The sender shares information that is accurate.
Grice’s Principle of relevance
The sender communicate in a way that is appropriate for the situation
Grice’s principle of manner
The sender engages as expected by the cultural norms
Speaks fluently
Pause as needed
Appropriate loudness and pitch
The mechanical act of speech
Inhale, vibration, exhale, words
The cognitive act of language
Receiving, comprehending, responding with feedback
An example of speech with no language
Joe is in a mentally retarded institution. His nurse visits every morning and says, “good morning.” Joe has figured out to respond in a similar manner, but doesn’t understand what “good morning” means.
An example of language without speech
A child born death uses sign language to communicate.
How does communication relate to language, speech, and hearing?
Language - used for formulation and comprehension
Speech - used for transmission
Hearing - used for reception
Four characteristics of language
Modality
Symbolism
Arbitrary
Conventional (rule-governed)
Pre-symbolic
No understanding of words as symbols to objects
Referent
An object a word or symbol represents
An example of an arbitrary characteristic of language
“Table” vs “Mesa”
The culturally shared understanding of an object
An example of a non-arbitrary word
Last name “Miller”
Used to be related to profession
“Quack-quack” for a duck
Kids growing up using animal sounds as the name
The five features of language
Universality Species specificity Semanticity Productivity Rate of acquisition
Five language dimensions
Semantics Syntax Morphology Phonology Pragmatics
Definition of Productivity feature
A feature of language that is the combination of small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite creations.
Definition of Semantics dimension
The rules of language governor and the meaning of individual words or word combinations
Meaning of words, vocabulary
Definition of Syntax dimension
The rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences
Word order
Definition of Morphology dimension
The rules of language governing the internal organization of words.
Building blocks of language
Ex. Jump ing (2 blacks)
Definition of Phonology dimension
The rules of language governing the sounds we use to make syllables and words
Sound system of language
Definition of Pragmatics dimension
The rules of language governing how language is used for social purposes
Three Language domains
Content, form, use
Language domain: content
Equal to semantics
Language domains: form
Equal to syntax + morphology + phonology
Grammar
Syntax + morphology
Language domains: use
Equal to pragmatics
Definition of Meta linguistics
Using language to talk about language
An example of a pragmatic dimension
How to begin, maintain an end conversations
Ex. 5 year old talking to grandma on the phone
Definition of Hearing acuity
The activity up if you can actually hear a sound or not
ex. Same process as an eye doctor have new new read off letters if you can see them or not
Four systems involved with speech
Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
Articulation
Four building blocks of a normal speech
Breathstream
Voice
Articulation
Fluency
Definition of Phoneme
The smallest unit of sound
Definition of Acoustics
The study of sound
Definition of Hearing
The perception of sound
Four sound fundamentals
Creation of a sound source
Vibration of air particles
Reception by ear
Comprehension by brain
Definition of Speech perception
The brains processing of human speech
Definition of Auditory perception
The brains processing of any type of auditory information
Definition of Communication disorder
When a person has significant difficulty and one or more of the aspects of communication when compared with other people sharing the same language, dialect, and culture
Definition of Language Impairment
Problems with the formulation and/or comprehension of language
Definition of Speech impairment
Problems with transmission of language
Definition of Hearing impairment
Problems with reception of language
Breakdown of communication: formulation
Difficulty in effectively formulating a message for communication
Ex. Aphasia
Breakdown of communication: transmission
Difficulty in effectively transmitting a message for communication
Ex. Motor skills caused by stroke
Breakdown of communication: reception
Difficulty in effectively receiving a message Being communicated
Ex. Noise-induced hearing loss
Breakdown of communication: comprehension
Difficulty in affectively decoding or comprehending a message being communicated
Ex. Intellectually debilitated, senile
Three Common Communication differences
Different language, culture, dialects
A communication disorder is present only went in individuals communication ability ____, _____, _____
- Operates outside of cultural norms or language group
- Considered disordered by said groups
- Interferes with Communication or calls attention to itself
Four Speech disorders
Articulation and phonology
Fluency
Voice
Motor speech
Disorders of articulation and phonology
Distortions, substitutions and omissions of speech sounds
Ex. Rabbit is pronounced wabbit or abbit
Definition of Fluency disorder
Breaks the flow of speech
Ex. Stutter block
Two Motor speech disorders
Apraxia and dysarthria
Definition of Apraxia
Trouble sequencing speech sounds in order
Ex. Spaghetti vs pascetti
Definition of Dysarthria
Slowed, slurred speech disorder
Three disorders of hearing
Sensorineural
Conductive
Auditory
Definition of Sensorineural hearing impairment
Breakdown of the inner ear or in the auditory nerve
Ex. Senile
Definition of Conductive hearing impairment
Breakdown of outer or middle ear
Ex. Too much ear wax
Definition of Auditory processing disorder
The breakdown in The processing of speech sounds in the auditory center of the brain
Ex. Short term memory - kid in class
Definition of Dysphasia
Swallowing disorder
Definition of universality feature
Pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages
Definition of species specificity feature
The human capacity for language that no other animals share
Definition of semanticity feature
An aspect of human language that allows words to represent ideas and things
Definition of rate of acquisition feature
How easily Or quickly language is learned
Definition of Perceptual target
Abstract representation of speech sound system is generated
Definition of motor schema
Brain systems generate a rough plan of the abstract representation of speech sound systems in our fed forward and syllable chunks to muscle groups involved with speech
Definition of speech output
Air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward, and articulators and oral cavity are manipulated to produce
Three basic reasons for commutation
To request, to reject and to comment.
Seven functions of Communication
Instrumental Regulatory Intersectional Personal Heuristic Imaginative Informative
Definition of informative communication
This function of communication is used to provide an organized description of an event or object
Definition of imaginative function of Communication
This function of communication is used to tell stories and to role-play
Definition of heuristic function of communication
This function of communication is used to find out information and to inquire
Definition of personal function of communication
This function of communication is used to express a state of mind or feelings about something
Definition of intersectional communication
This function of communication is used to interact and converse with others in a social way
Definition of regulatory function of communication
This function of communication is used to give directions or to direct others
Definition of instrumental function of communication
This function of communication is used to ask for something
Definition of speech
Neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air
