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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of neurons

A

Specialized cells That make up the nervous system and carries its sensory and motor information

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2
Q

Neurons consist of these three parts

A

Cell body - soma
Dendrite extension
Axon extension

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3
Q

Definition of dendrites

A

Afferent Extensions that Bring nerve impulses into the cell body

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4
Q

Definition of axons

A

Efferent extensions that taken her pulse is away from the cell body

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5
Q

Definition of synapse

A

The space where to neurons meet

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6
Q

Definition of neurotransmitters

A

These carry nerve impulses across the synaptic cleft

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7
Q

Definition of Myelin

A

The sheath that covers most neurons for protection and Increases the speed of neural impulses

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8
Q

Nervous system consists of these two systems

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

The central nervous system consists of these two things

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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10
Q

The job of the brain and the central nervous system

A

Initiates and regulates all motor sensory and cognitive processes

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11
Q

Three protective shields of the central nervous system

A

Bone
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Central nervous system protective: bone

A

Covers the brain and the vertebral column covers the spinal cord

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13
Q

Central nervous system Protective shield: meninges

A

A series of three layered membranes inside the bone that completely incases the central nervous system

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14
Q

central nervous system protective shield: Cerebrospinal fluid

A

This circulates between the two inner most layers of the meninges and serves as a buffer for any jolts to the central nervous system

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15
Q

Three parts of the brain consists of

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

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16
Q

Three jobs of the brain stem

A

Sits on top of the spinal cord

Serves as a conduit between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord

Controls heart, blood vessels and breathing

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17
Q

Three jobs about the cerebellum

A

Sits posterior to the brain stem

regulates motor and muscular activity

maintains posture and equilibrium

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18
Q

Job of the cerebrum

A

Governs thinking, problem-solving, planning, creating, and rationalizing

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19
Q

The largest division of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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20
Q

Definition of corpus callosum

A

A band of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, serving as a conduit for communication between the hemispheres

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21
Q

The four lobes of the cerebrum

A 
Frontal lobe (1)
Parietal lobe (2)
Temporal lobe (2)
Occipital lobe (1)
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22
Q

Where the frontal lobe is located

A

The largest Lobe that sits at the front of the brain and behind the forehead

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23
Q

Where the parietal lobes are located

A

Sets posterior to the frontal lobe on the left and right sides above the ears

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24
Q

Job of the frontal lobe

A

Governs fine and complex motor activities

25
Two jobs of the parietal lobe
This lobe is involved in perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual information Comprehending oral and written language and calculation for mathematics
26
Where are the temporal lobes are located
Sits posterior to the frontal lobe inferior to the parietal lobes on the left and right sides
27
Job of the temporal lobe
Contains the auditory cortex on the left and right sides aka heschl’s gyrus
28
Where are the occipital lobe is located
Sits at the rear of the cerebral cortex in front of and above the cerebellum
29
Job of the occipital lobe
Receives and transmit visual information
30
Broca’s area
Governs expressive language and speech; located in the frontal lobe
31
Five organizational principles of the human brain
Interconnectedness Hierarchy Specialization Plasticity Critical period
32
Definition of interconnectedness of the brain
The brain structures and functions are highly interconnected and constantly interact
33
Definition of hierarchy in the brain
Lower-level functions are directed to the spinal cord, higher-level functions require mediation by the cerebrum
34
Definition of specialization in the brain
Each hemisphere in the brain is specialized for particular functions Wholistic - right Speech and language - left
35
Definition of plasticity in the brain
The ability of the brain to recognize and modify functions and adapt to the internal and exterior changes
36
Definition of critical period
A period of time during which growth in a particular function or structure in the development brain is most rapid
37
Definition of Contralaterality
Sensory information and motor commands are processed in the opposite sides of the brain
38
Heschl’s gyrus
Governs auditory perception and sensation Responsible for the interpretation of all types of sounds Located in the temporal lobes
39
Wernicke’s area
Governs language comprehension Located next to heschl’s gyrus in the left temporal lobe - heschl’s processes sounds then this kicks in
40
Definition of Peripheral Nervous System
System of nerves connected to the brain stem and spinal cord. Carries sensory information to the CNS and motor commands away from the CNS
41
Speech requires three interaction of these things
Respiration, phonation and articulators
42
The respiratory system consists of
Upper: trachea, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity Lower: lungs, bronchi and alveoli
43
Definition of thorax
The skeleton of the chest that houses the structures of the lower respiratory system
44
Build up of the thorax
Skeleton - rib cage in the front connected to the vertebral column in the rear Creates a cavity that houses the heart and lungs
45
Definition of diaphragm
A large muscle that contracts and expands with breathing, forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity
46
Life breathing
Breathe that sustains life 50% in and out
47
Speech breathing
Energy we use to produce speech 90% out, 10% in
48
Definition of Pharynx
Mucosa-lined muscular tube that runs from the nasal cavity, through the rear of the oral cavity, to the entrance of the larynx and the esophagus
49
Three sections of the pharynx
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
50
Where the nasopharynx is located
Posterior continuation the the nasal cavity
51
Where the oropharynx is located
The length of the pharynx that connects with the oral cavity Aka the throat
52
Where the laryngopharynx is located
The most inferior portion of the pharynx, small portion of the tube that opens in the anterior to the larynx and posterior to the esophagus
53
Definition of larynx
box that sits at the front of the neck on top of the trachea (wind pipe) that keeps everything but air out of the trachea Aka voice box
54
What the lyarnx is made up of
Hyoid bone Cartilages Vocal folds (chords)
55
What the trachea breaks out to
Bronchi Bronchilolies Alveoli
56
Definition of hyoid bone
Horseshoe-shaped bone that floats horizontally at the base of the neck
57
Definition of articulation
The act of manipulating the airflow submitted by the phonatory system to create speech sounds
58
List of articulators
``` Maxilla Mandible Lips Teeth Hard palate Soft palate Younger ```

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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