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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of neurons

A

Specialized cells That make up the nervous system and carries its sensory and motor information

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2
Q

Neurons consist of these three parts

A

Cell body - soma
Dendrite extension
Axon extension

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3
Q

Definition of dendrites

A

Afferent Extensions that Bring nerve impulses into the cell body

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4
Q

Definition of axons

A

Efferent extensions that taken her pulse is away from the cell body

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5
Q

Definition of synapse

A

The space where to neurons meet

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6
Q

Definition of neurotransmitters

A

These carry nerve impulses across the synaptic cleft

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7
Q

Definition of Myelin

A

The sheath that covers most neurons for protection and Increases the speed of neural impulses

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8
Q

Nervous system consists of these two systems

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

The central nervous system consists of these two things

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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10
Q

The job of the brain and the central nervous system

A

Initiates and regulates all motor sensory and cognitive processes

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11
Q

Three protective shields of the central nervous system

A

Bone
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Central nervous system protective: bone

A

Covers the brain and the vertebral column covers the spinal cord

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13
Q

Central nervous system Protective shield: meninges

A

A series of three layered membranes inside the bone that completely incases the central nervous system

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14
Q

central nervous system protective shield: Cerebrospinal fluid

A

This circulates between the two inner most layers of the meninges and serves as a buffer for any jolts to the central nervous system

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15
Q

Three parts of the brain consists of

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

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16
Q

Three jobs of the brain stem

A

Sits on top of the spinal cord

Serves as a conduit between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord

Controls heart, blood vessels and breathing

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17
Q

Three jobs about the cerebellum

A

Sits posterior to the brain stem

regulates motor and muscular activity

maintains posture and equilibrium

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18
Q

Job of the cerebrum

A

Governs thinking, problem-solving, planning, creating, and rationalizing

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19
Q

The largest division of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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20
Q

Definition of corpus callosum

A

A band of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, serving as a conduit for communication between the hemispheres

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21
Q

The four lobes of the cerebrum

A 
Frontal lobe (1)
Parietal lobe (2)
Temporal lobe (2)
Occipital lobe (1)
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22
Q

Where the frontal lobe is located

A

The largest Lobe that sits at the front of the brain and behind the forehead

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23
Q

Where the parietal lobes are located

A

Sets posterior to the frontal lobe on the left and right sides above the ears

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24
Q

Job of the frontal lobe

A

Governs fine and complex motor activities

25
Q

Two jobs of the parietal lobe

A

This lobe is involved in perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual information

Comprehending oral and written language and calculation for mathematics

26
Q

Where are the temporal lobes are located

A

Sits posterior to the frontal lobe inferior to the parietal lobes on the left and right sides

27
Q

Job of the temporal lobe

A

Contains the auditory cortex on the left and right sides aka heschl’s gyrus

28
Q

Where are the occipital lobe is located

A

Sits at the rear of the cerebral cortex in front of and above the cerebellum

29
Q

Job of the occipital lobe

A

Receives and transmit visual information

30
Q

Broca’s area

A

Governs expressive language and speech; located in the frontal lobe

31
Q

Five organizational principles of the human brain

A

Interconnectedness

Hierarchy

Specialization

Plasticity

Critical period

32
Q

Definition of interconnectedness of the brain

A

The brain structures and functions are highly interconnected and constantly interact

33
Q

Definition of hierarchy in the brain

A

Lower-level functions are directed to the spinal cord, higher-level functions require mediation by the cerebrum

34
Q

Definition of specialization in the brain

A

Each hemisphere in the brain is specialized for particular functions

Wholistic - right
Speech and language - left

35
Q

Definition of plasticity in the brain

A

The ability of the brain to recognize and modify functions and adapt to the internal and exterior changes

36
Q

Definition of critical period

A

A period of time during which growth in a particular function or structure in the development brain is most rapid

37
Q

Definition of Contralaterality

A

Sensory information and motor commands are processed in the opposite sides of the brain

38
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

Governs auditory perception and sensation

Responsible for the interpretation of all types of sounds

Located in the temporal lobes

39
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Governs language comprehension

Located next to heschl’s gyrus in the left temporal lobe - heschl’s processes sounds then this kicks in

40
Q

Definition of Peripheral Nervous System

A

System of nerves connected to the brain stem and spinal cord.

Carries sensory information to the CNS and motor commands away from the CNS

41
Q

Speech requires three interaction of these things

A

Respiration, phonation and articulators

42
Q

The respiratory system consists of

A

Upper: trachea, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity

Lower: lungs, bronchi and alveoli

43
Q

Definition of thorax

A

The skeleton of the chest that houses the structures of the lower respiratory system

44
Q

Build up of the thorax

A

Skeleton - rib cage in the front connected to the vertebral column in the rear

Creates a cavity that houses the heart and lungs

45
Q

Definition of diaphragm

A

A large muscle that contracts and expands with breathing, forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity

46
Q

Life breathing

A

Breathe that sustains life

50% in and out

47
Q

Speech breathing

A

Energy we use to produce speech

90% out, 10% in

48
Q

Definition of Pharynx

A

Mucosa-lined muscular tube that runs from the nasal cavity, through the rear of the oral cavity, to the entrance of the larynx and the esophagus

49
Q

Three sections of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

50
Q

Where the nasopharynx is located

A

Posterior continuation the the nasal cavity

51
Q

Where the oropharynx is located

A

The length of the pharynx that connects with the oral cavity

Aka the throat

52
Q

Where the laryngopharynx is located

A

The most inferior portion of the pharynx,

small portion of the tube that opens in the anterior to the larynx and posterior to the esophagus

53
Q

Definition of larynx

A

box that sits at the front of the neck on top of the trachea (wind pipe) that keeps everything but air out of the trachea

Aka voice box

54
Q

What the lyarnx is made up of

A

Hyoid bone
Cartilages
Vocal folds (chords)

55
Q

What the trachea breaks out to

A

Bronchi
Bronchilolies
Alveoli

56
Q

Definition of hyoid bone

A

Horseshoe-shaped bone that floats horizontally at the base of the neck

57
Q

Definition of articulation

A

The act of manipulating the airflow submitted by the phonatory system to create speech sounds

58
Q

List of articulators

A 
Maxilla
Mandible
Lips
Teeth
Hard palate
Soft palate
Younger

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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