Chapter 3 Flashcards
Definition of neurons
Specialized cells That make up the nervous system and carries its sensory and motor information
Neurons consist of these three parts
Cell body - soma
Dendrite extension
Axon extension
Definition of dendrites
Afferent Extensions that Bring nerve impulses into the cell body
Definition of axons
Efferent extensions that taken her pulse is away from the cell body
Definition of synapse
The space where to neurons meet
Definition of neurotransmitters
These carry nerve impulses across the synaptic cleft
Definition of Myelin
The sheath that covers most neurons for protection and Increases the speed of neural impulses
Nervous system consists of these two systems
Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
The central nervous system consists of these two things
The brain and the spinal cord
The job of the brain and the central nervous system
Initiates and regulates all motor sensory and cognitive processes
Three protective shields of the central nervous system
Bone
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
Central nervous system protective: bone
Covers the brain and the vertebral column covers the spinal cord
Central nervous system Protective shield: meninges
A series of three layered membranes inside the bone that completely incases the central nervous system
central nervous system protective shield: Cerebrospinal fluid
This circulates between the two inner most layers of the meninges and serves as a buffer for any jolts to the central nervous system
Three parts of the brain consists of
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Three jobs of the brain stem
Sits on top of the spinal cord
Serves as a conduit between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord
Controls heart, blood vessels and breathing
Three jobs about the cerebellum
Sits posterior to the brain stem
regulates motor and muscular activity
maintains posture and equilibrium
Job of the cerebrum
Governs thinking, problem-solving, planning, creating, and rationalizing
The largest division of the brain
Cerebrum
Definition of corpus callosum
A band of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, serving as a conduit for communication between the hemispheres
The four lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe (1) Parietal lobe (2) Temporal lobe (2) Occipital lobe (1)
Where the frontal lobe is located
The largest Lobe that sits at the front of the brain and behind the forehead
Where the parietal lobes are located
Sets posterior to the frontal lobe on the left and right sides above the ears
Job of the frontal lobe
Governs fine and complex motor activities
Two jobs of the parietal lobe
This lobe is involved in perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual information
Comprehending oral and written language and calculation for mathematics
Where are the temporal lobes are located
Sits posterior to the frontal lobe inferior to the parietal lobes on the left and right sides
Job of the temporal lobe
Contains the auditory cortex on the left and right sides aka heschl’s gyrus
Where are the occipital lobe is located
Sits at the rear of the cerebral cortex in front of and above the cerebellum
Job of the occipital lobe
Receives and transmit visual information
Broca’s area
Governs expressive language and speech; located in the frontal lobe
Five organizational principles of the human brain
Interconnectedness
Hierarchy
Specialization
Plasticity
Critical period
Definition of interconnectedness of the brain
The brain structures and functions are highly interconnected and constantly interact
Definition of hierarchy in the brain
Lower-level functions are directed to the spinal cord, higher-level functions require mediation by the cerebrum
Definition of specialization in the brain
Each hemisphere in the brain is specialized for particular functions
Wholistic - right
Speech and language - left
Definition of plasticity in the brain
The ability of the brain to recognize and modify functions and adapt to the internal and exterior changes
Definition of critical period
A period of time during which growth in a particular function or structure in the development brain is most rapid
Definition of Contralaterality
Sensory information and motor commands are processed in the opposite sides of the brain
Heschl’s gyrus
Governs auditory perception and sensation
Responsible for the interpretation of all types of sounds
Located in the temporal lobes
Wernicke’s area
Governs language comprehension
Located next to heschl’s gyrus in the left temporal lobe - heschl’s processes sounds then this kicks in
Definition of Peripheral Nervous System
System of nerves connected to the brain stem and spinal cord.
Carries sensory information to the CNS and motor commands away from the CNS
Speech requires three interaction of these things
Respiration, phonation and articulators
The respiratory system consists of
Upper: trachea, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity
Lower: lungs, bronchi and alveoli
Definition of thorax
The skeleton of the chest that houses the structures of the lower respiratory system
Build up of the thorax
Skeleton - rib cage in the front connected to the vertebral column in the rear
Creates a cavity that houses the heart and lungs
Definition of diaphragm
A large muscle that contracts and expands with breathing, forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity
Life breathing
Breathe that sustains life
50% in and out
Speech breathing
Energy we use to produce speech
90% out, 10% in
Definition of Pharynx
Mucosa-lined muscular tube that runs from the nasal cavity, through the rear of the oral cavity, to the entrance of the larynx and the esophagus
Three sections of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Where the nasopharynx is located
Posterior continuation the the nasal cavity
Where the oropharynx is located
The length of the pharynx that connects with the oral cavity
Aka the throat
Where the laryngopharynx is located
The most inferior portion of the pharynx,
small portion of the tube that opens in the anterior to the larynx and posterior to the esophagus
Definition of larynx
box that sits at the front of the neck on top of the trachea (wind pipe) that keeps everything but air out of the trachea
Aka voice box
What the lyarnx is made up of
Hyoid bone
Cartilages
Vocal folds (chords)
What the trachea breaks out to
Bronchi
Bronchilolies
Alveoli
Definition of hyoid bone
Horseshoe-shaped bone that floats horizontally at the base of the neck
Definition of articulation
The act of manipulating the airflow submitted by the phonatory system to create speech sounds
List of articulators
Maxilla Mandible Lips Teeth Hard palate Soft palate Younger
