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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: most young children go through a period of normal disfluency in which as much as 20% of their speech may be disfluent

A

false - 5% disfluent speech

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2
Q

true or false: the majority of cases of stuttering in children are resolved either spontaneously or through treatment

A

true

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3
Q

Definition of fluent speech

A

speech that is smooth, effortless, and automatic moves along at an appropriate rate with an easy rhythm

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4
Q

Definition of disfluency

A

the speech behavior that disrupts the fluent forward flow of speech, such as pauses, interjections, and revisions

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5
Q

true or false: normal disfluencies detract from the communication between two people

A

false: they do NOT detract

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6
Q

Definition of disfluency disorder

A

speech with an unusually high rate of stoppages that disrupt the flow of communication and are inappropriate for the speaker’s age, culture, and linguistic background, including dialect

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7
Q

____ disfluencies are the core features of a ____ disorder

A

speech; fluency

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8
Q

three predominate features of disfluencies

A

repetitions, prolongations, and blocks

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9
Q

five secondary features of disfluencies

A

eye blinks

lip tremors

head jerks

pauses, fillers, and word changes

negative feelings and attitudes

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10
Q

why does a person with a fluency disorder develop secondary features?

A

to avoid and escape moments of disfluency

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11
Q

Definition of Stuttering

A

stops, starts and hesitations in speech

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12
Q

Incident rate of fluency disorders

A

about 1 in 100 persons

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13
Q

prevalence rate of fluency disorders

A

about 5 in 100 persons

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14
Q

what age range do fluency disorders affect children?

A

most between 2 and 10 years of age

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15
Q

compare: incident rate of fluency disorders of children vs adolescents and adults

A

about 1.5% for children under 10

about .5% to .7% for adolescents and adults

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16
Q

true or false: females are affected at a higher rate than males

A

false: about three or four boys to every one girl affected

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17
Q

Definition of Developmental stuttering

A

when stuttering emerges in early childhood, typically when children are between 2 and 5 years of age

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18
Q

What percentage of children who exhibit developmental stuttering will continue to have a fluency disorder 4 years following its onset?

A

25%; other 75% of children will resolve their stuttering within 4 years either spontaneously or as a result of treatment

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19
Q

five characteristics of developmental stuttering

A

part-word repetitions

single-syllable-word repetitions

sound prolongations

blocks

broken words

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20
Q

true or false: other types of disfluencies in the speech of young children are considered to be quite normal

A

true

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21
Q

three normal disfluencies

A

revisions

interjections

multisyllabic word and phrase repetitions

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22
Q

true or false: the core symptoms of stuttering usually fade over time

A

false: symptoms become more severe

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23
Q

List Peters and Guitar’s Five-Level Classification System

A

Normal disfluency

boarderline stuttering

beginning stuttering

intermediate stuttering

advanced stuttering

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24
Q

what age range is normal disfluency most prevalent?

A

18 months and 6 years

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25
Characteristics of borderline stuttering
produce more disfluencies than do those who are normally disfluent produce a higher rate of certain types of disfluencies: part-word repetitions, word repetitions, and phrase repetitions show some sound prolongations show little tension toward their own disfluencies
26
at what stage is a fluency disorder classified as true?
beginning stuttering
27
Definition of beginning stuttering
children between 2 and 8 years of age who look like true stutterers-with core behaviors, secondary behaviors, and the emergence of negative feelings and attitudes toward stuttering
28
what are two important markers of the beginning stuttering level?
emergence of the block and secondary behaviors develop to escape and avoid moments of disfluency
29
what age range does intermediate stuttering enter?
between 6 and 13 years of age
30
three characteristics of intermediate stuttering
significant levels of fear and frustration toward stuttering prolongations and blocks are the prevalent core behaviors secondary behaviors become more evident and habitual
31
what age range does advanced stuttering show?
14 years +
32
what is the greatest difference between intermediate stuttering and advanced stuttering?
the likelihood of self-identification as a stutterer
33
Definition of cluttering
breakdowns at the word or phrase level, such as incomplete phrases, poor cohesion and coherence, and a fast and spurty speaking rate
34
three differences between a clutters and stutters
no signs of inhibited or anxious about speaking does not experience any physiological or psychological struggle when speaking does not exhibit prolonged sounds or tense pauses
35
true or false: like stuttering, cluttering can reduce speech intelligibility and causes problems with effective communication
true
36
what is the hallmark characteristic of stuttering?
abnormally high rate of speech disfluencies, sound repetitions and prolongations
37
true or false: types of disfluencies are dynamic
true
38
four core features of fluency disorders
Part-word repetition Single-syllable-word repetition Sound prolongation Block
39
Definition of within-word disfluencies
affects the internal structure of a word sound repetitions, sound prolongations, and blocks
40
Definition of between-word disfluencies
do not affect the internal structure of a word phrase repetitions, interjections, and revisions
41
secondary features of fluency disorders
escape behaviors avoidance behaviors feelings and attitudes toward stuttering
42
Definition of escape behaviors
behaviors used by stutterers to get out of a moment of stuttering
43
Definition of avoidance behaviors
behaviors used to evade moments of stuttering word and sound avoidance situation avoidance
44
true or false: cause of developmental stuttering remains unknown
true
45
four predisposing factors of stuttering
family history gender processing ability motor speech coordination
46
three precipitating factors of stuttering
age developmental stressors self-awareness
47
Definition of developmental Stressors
precipitating factors in the emergence of stuttering in children, specifically for those children who are already susceptible to a fluency disorder
48
true or false: children who stutter have an atypically high awareness of their own disfluencies, which may serve as a precipitating factor in the emergence of fluency disorders
true
49
Four Warning Signs for Developmental Fluency Disorders
Repetitions of parts of words Repetitions of words or parts of words involving three or more repetitions of the unit Prolongation of a sound or appearance of being stuck on a sound Feelings of frustration or embarrassment toward speaking and communication
50
three Warning Signs for Acquired Fluency Disorders
Presence of stuttering-like disfluencies Presence of cluttering-like disfluencies Inability to effectively communicate
51
four questions assessment protocol should answer
Is the individual stuttering or at risk of stuttering? Does the individual exhibit any other communicative risk factors or disabilities? Is therapy for stuttering warranted? What therapy approach would be most beneficial?
52
four symptoms that lead to diagnosis of fluency disorders
Ten or more total disfluencies in 100 words Three or more stuttering-like disfluencies in 100 words Physical escape behaviors Verbal avoidance behaviors, such as word substitutions
53
true or false: when treatment for borderline stuttering is pursued, indirect treatment models are often used rather than direct treatment delivered by a therapist
true
54
four parts to an indirect treatment model
avoid putting the child on the spot during social situations repeat what the child says to show that you are listening make comments when talking with the child rather than asking questions modify activities that seem particularly stressful to the child.
55
Goal of stuttering Modification Therapy
to help the person who stutters to better manage the moment when an individual repeats, prolongs or blocks on a sound
56
what is the end goal of stuttering modification therapy?
controlled stuttering - hardly noticeable and completely managed stuttering
57
Goal of Fluency Shaping Therapy
to help the person who stutters produce fluent speech more often, potentially eradicating disfluencies completely.
58
what is the end goal of fluency shaping therapy?
controlled fluency -- fluid speech to predominate and moments of stuttering to disappear -- completely fluent speech
59
true or false: stuttering treatment for adolescents is complicated by self-image issues
true
60
true or false: only fluency shaping therapy is useful for adolescents
false - both modification and fluency shaping therapies are useful for adolescents
61
true or false: both stuttering modification and fluency shaping approaches are useful for adults
true
62
for an adult who may have experienced stuttering for years, what three treatment focus areas does therapy emphasize?
Knowledge about stuttering Reduction of negative feelings Fluency building
63
what is the most important part of the fluency assessment?
observation of the individual's speech in a variety of situations
64
Definition of direct testing
using formal norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests to study an individual’s speech and language skills

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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