Chapter 10 Flashcards
true or false: most young children go through a period of normal disfluency in which as much as 20% of their speech may be disfluent
false - 5% disfluent speech
true or false: the majority of cases of stuttering in children are resolved either spontaneously or through treatment
true
Definition of fluent speech
speech that is smooth, effortless, and automatic moves along at an appropriate rate with an easy rhythm
Definition of disfluency
the speech behavior that disrupts the fluent forward flow of speech, such as pauses, interjections, and revisions
true or false: normal disfluencies detract from the communication between two people
false: they do NOT detract
Definition of disfluency disorder
speech with an unusually high rate of stoppages that disrupt the flow of communication and are inappropriate for the speaker’s age, culture, and linguistic background, including dialect
____ disfluencies are the core features of a ____ disorder
speech; fluency
three predominate features of disfluencies
repetitions, prolongations, and blocks
five secondary features of disfluencies
eye blinks
lip tremors
head jerks
pauses, fillers, and word changes
negative feelings and attitudes
why does a person with a fluency disorder develop secondary features?
to avoid and escape moments of disfluency
Definition of Stuttering
stops, starts and hesitations in speech
Incident rate of fluency disorders
about 1 in 100 persons
prevalence rate of fluency disorders
about 5 in 100 persons
what age range do fluency disorders affect children?
most between 2 and 10 years of age
compare: incident rate of fluency disorders of children vs adolescents and adults
about 1.5% for children under 10
about .5% to .7% for adolescents and adults
true or false: females are affected at a higher rate than males
false: about three or four boys to every one girl affected
Definition of Developmental stuttering
when stuttering emerges in early childhood, typically when children are between 2 and 5 years of age
What percentage of children who exhibit developmental stuttering will continue to have a fluency disorder 4 years following its onset?
25%; other 75% of children will resolve their stuttering within 4 years either spontaneously or as a result of treatment
five characteristics of developmental stuttering
part-word repetitions
single-syllable-word repetitions
sound prolongations
blocks
broken words
true or false: other types of disfluencies in the speech of young children are considered to be quite normal
true
three normal disfluencies
revisions
interjections
multisyllabic word and phrase repetitions
true or false: the core symptoms of stuttering usually fade over time
false: symptoms become more severe
List Peters and Guitar’s Five-Level Classification System
Normal disfluency
boarderline stuttering
beginning stuttering
intermediate stuttering
advanced stuttering
what age range is normal disfluency most prevalent?
18 months and 6 years
Characteristics of borderline stuttering
produce more disfluencies than do those who are normally disfluent
produce a higher rate of certain types of disfluencies: part-word repetitions, word repetitions, and phrase repetitions
show some sound prolongations
show little tension toward their own disfluencies
at what stage is a fluency disorder classified as true?
beginning stuttering
Definition of beginning stuttering
children between 2 and 8 years of age who look like true stutterers-with core behaviors, secondary behaviors, and the emergence of negative feelings and attitudes toward stuttering
what are two important markers of the beginning stuttering level?
emergence of the block and secondary behaviors develop to escape and avoid moments of disfluency
what age range does intermediate stuttering enter?
between 6 and 13 years of age
three characteristics of intermediate stuttering
significant levels of fear and frustration toward stuttering
prolongations and blocks are the prevalent core behaviors
secondary behaviors become more evident and habitual
what age range does advanced stuttering show?
14 years +
what is the greatest difference between intermediate stuttering and advanced stuttering?
the likelihood of self-identification as a stutterer
Definition of cluttering
breakdowns at the word or phrase level, such as incomplete phrases, poor cohesion and coherence, and a fast and spurty speaking rate
three differences between a clutters and stutters
no signs of inhibited or anxious about speaking
does not experience any physiological or psychological struggle when speaking
does not exhibit prolonged sounds or tense pauses
true or false: like stuttering, cluttering can reduce speech intelligibility and causes problems with effective communication
true
what is the hallmark characteristic of stuttering?
abnormally high rate of speech disfluencies, sound repetitions and prolongations
true or false: types of disfluencies are dynamic
true
four core features of fluency disorders
Part-word repetition
Single-syllable-word repetition
Sound prolongation
Block
Definition of within-word disfluencies
affects the internal structure of a word
sound repetitions, sound prolongations, and blocks
Definition of between-word disfluencies
do not affect the internal structure of a word
phrase repetitions, interjections, and revisions
secondary features of fluency disorders
escape behaviors
avoidance behaviors
feelings and attitudes toward stuttering
Definition of escape behaviors
behaviors used by stutterers to get out of a moment of stuttering
Definition of avoidance behaviors
behaviors used to evade moments of stuttering
word and sound avoidance
situation avoidance
true or false: cause of developmental stuttering remains unknown
true
four predisposing factors of stuttering
family history
gender
processing ability
motor speech coordination
three precipitating factors of stuttering
age
developmental stressors
self-awareness
Definition of developmental Stressors
precipitating factors in the emergence of stuttering in children, specifically for those children who are already susceptible to a fluency disorder
true or false: children who stutter have an atypically high awareness of their own disfluencies, which may serve as a precipitating factor in the emergence of fluency disorders
true
Four Warning Signs for Developmental Fluency Disorders
Repetitions of parts of words
Repetitions of words or parts of words involving three or more repetitions of the unit
Prolongation of a sound or appearance of being stuck on a sound
Feelings of frustration or embarrassment toward speaking and communication
three Warning Signs for Acquired Fluency Disorders
Presence of stuttering-like disfluencies
Presence of cluttering-like disfluencies
Inability to effectively communicate
four questions assessment protocol should answer
Is the individual stuttering or at risk of stuttering?
Does the individual exhibit any other communicative risk factors or disabilities?
Is therapy for stuttering warranted?
What therapy approach would be most beneficial?
four symptoms that lead to diagnosis of fluency disorders
Ten or more total disfluencies in 100 words
Three or more stuttering-like disfluencies in 100 words
Physical escape behaviors
Verbal avoidance behaviors, such as word substitutions
true or false: when treatment for borderline stuttering is pursued, indirect treatment models are often used rather than direct treatment delivered by a therapist
true
four parts to an indirect treatment model
avoid putting the child on the spot during social situations
repeat what the child says to show that you are listening
make comments when talking with the child rather than asking questions
modify activities that seem particularly stressful to the child.
Goal of stuttering Modification Therapy
to help the person who stutters to better manage the moment when an individual repeats, prolongs or blocks on a sound
what is the end goal of stuttering modification therapy?
controlled stuttering - hardly noticeable and completely managed stuttering
Goal of Fluency Shaping Therapy
to help the person who stutters produce fluent speech more often, potentially eradicating disfluencies completely.
what is the end goal of fluency shaping therapy?
controlled fluency – fluid speech to predominate and moments of stuttering to disappear – completely fluent speech
true or false: stuttering treatment for adolescents is complicated by self-image issues
true
true or false: only fluency shaping therapy is useful for adolescents
false - both modification and fluency shaping therapies are useful for adolescents
true or false: both stuttering modification and fluency shaping approaches are useful for adults
true
for an adult who may have experienced stuttering for years, what three treatment focus areas does therapy emphasize?
Knowledge about stuttering
Reduction of negative feelings
Fluency building
what is the most important part of the fluency assessment?
observation of the individual’s speech in a variety of situations
Definition of direct testing
using formal norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests to study an individual’s speech and language skills
