Chapter 4 Flashcards
Definition of assessment
The systematic process of gathering information about an individual’s background, history, skills, knowledge, perceptions, and feelings.
Four purposes of assessment
To identify skills that a person does/does not have in a particular area of communication
To guide the design of intervention for enhancing a person’s skills in a particular area of communication
To monitor a person’s communicative growth and performance over time
To qualify a person for special services
Five Stages of the Assessment Process
Referral and Screening
Designing and Administering the Assessment Protocol
Interpreting Assessment Findings
Developing an Intervention Plan
Monitoring Progress and Outcomes
Definition of Screening
the delivery of a test that provides a quick check of an individual’s performance in a particular area
Four ways screening differs from assessment
Screening is broad, where as assessment is focused and in-depth in an area
Time
Cost
Training Requirement of Tester
Developmental screening
this type of screening is done at a developmental point in life
Injury-related screening
this type of screening is used to identify the extent of an illness or injury
definition of referral
the process by which the involvement of speech, language, and hearing professionals is formally requested
True or False: Assessment is often multidisciplinary
true
True or False: Assessment is more than testing
true
True or False: the screening and referral process typically identifies a specific area of concern for an individual
true
definition of sensitive protocol
a protocol that accurately identifies whether a problem is present and characterizes the severity of the problem
true or false: sensitive protocol is not affected by a false positive but can be affected by a false negative
false - it cannot be affected by either
definition of comprehensive protocol
a protocol that accurately identifies all the dimensions of the problem
definition of nonbiased protocol
a protocol that accurately characterizes communicative performance regardless of a person’s race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic background, culture, or native language
definition of family-centered protocol
a protocol that in which family members are involved to share their understandings about strengths and needs of the individual being assessed
definition of chart review
the examination of an individual’s developmental, educational, and medical history that has been collected by other professionals
What does IFSP stand for?
Individualized Family Service Plan
What is IFSP used for?
a document used to identify services and outcomes for infants and toddlers
What does IEP stand for?
Individualized Education Plan
What is IEP used for?
a document used to identify services and outcomes for children aged 3 and older
definition of interview
collecting information from individuals, their families and caregivers, and other professionals
what an interview provides
information about the impact of a disorder on a person’s life
how the characteristics of a disorder have changed over time
definition of Systematic observation
the process of observing how an individual uses communication for functional purposes in real-life activities
Definition of Questionnaires and surveys
formal mechanisms for gathering information
definition of testing
a formal evaluation a person’s communication skills in a standardized manner
instrumentation
used to assess many types of communication disorders
Definition of Online performance
studying a communicative process as it happens
Definition of Offline assessment
studies communicative processes after they happen
Two steps in interpreting assessment findings
determine whether a disorder is present and if one is, to identify it
determine the severity of the disorder
Two things that have to be present to diagnose a disorder
an aspect of communication is markedly discrepant from what is observed in the typical population
has some adverse effects on the person’s functional activities
definition of Differential diagnosis
the process of differentiating a disorder from other possible alternatives to arrive at an accurate diagnosis
True or False: Prognosis statements are objective predictions
False - they are subjective
Definition of prognosis
changes expected as a result of treatment
three things involved in developing an intervention plan
identifying treatment goals
describing the possible length and frequency of treatment
describing treatment contexts and activities
Goals identified through the assessment process should exhibit these 3 things
functionality
measurability
attainability
Definition of functional goals
Goals should directly improve the client’s life in some way
Definition of measurable goals
Goals should link directly to some aspect of measurement so that progress toward the goal can be documented
Definition of attainable goals
Goals should be realistic and achievable for the client so that progress, however incremental, is possible
True or False - assessment is an ongoing process
true
three things assessment is used for as an ongoing process
used to monitor a client’s progress during treatment
modify the treatment plan as progress is made
determine when a client should be discharged from treatment
when is “profound” used as a severity option?
mental retardation and hearing disorders
All assessment instruments should exhibit these two critical qualities
validity and reliability
Definition of validity
the extent to which a particular instrument measures what it says it measures
Definition of construct validity
the extent to which an instrument examines the underlying theoretical construct it was designed to examine
Definition of face validity
the extent to which an instrument appears superficially to test what it purports to test
Definition of criterion-related validity
the extent to which the outcomes of an instrument reflect the outcomes from other instruments measuring the same construct
Definition of Concurrent validity
how an instrument’s outcomes relate to outcomes on other, similar measures
definition of Reliability
the extent to which a particular instrument is consistent in its measurement of a particular skill
definition of Test-retest reliability
the stability of an individual’s test performance over time
definition of inter-rater reliability
the consistency of assessment outcomes over multiple observers
Five types of assessments
Norm-referenced instrument
Criterion-referenced assessment
Performance-based assessment
Dynamic assessment
progress-Monitoring Assessment
definition of Norm-referenced assessment
this assessment compares an individual’s performance to that of his same-age peers
definition of Criterion-referenced assessment
this assessment is useful for probing at what a person can do in a specific aspect of communication and often used to document treatment progress
definition of Performance-based assessment (PBA)
this assessment examines an individual’s skills within real-life contexts
definition of Dynamic assessment
this assessment analyzes how much and what types of support or assistance is needed
definition of progress-Monitoring Assessment
this assessment analyzes an individual’s progress during a course of intervention and is used to compare actual rates of growth to expected rates of growth, and adjust intervention techniques accordingly
Definition of Standardized tests
tests given in a uniform and scripted manner
Definition of Normative sample
a group of individuals who are given the test to identify standards of performance at specific age levels; representative of who will be taking the test for comparison
Definition of Standard score
the index that identifies how a person’s test performance compares to that of her normative peers
Definition of Raw score
the number of items scored as incorrect or correct
Definition of normal distribution / normal curve
Standard scores are arranged along a standard normal distribution, or normal curve, with a mean score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15
Definition of Standard deviation
the spread of scores
Definition of Percentile rank
the percentage of people in the normative reference group whose scores were at or below a given point
True or false: criterion-referenced assessments are norm-based
false, they are not normed but instead used to document progress in a particular aspect of communication
Two reasons to use PBA tests
communicative skills are highly influenced by context and therefore vary across different situations
to design interventions that promote functional, meaningful outcomes
How does dynamic assessment differ from other assessments?
used after other techniques have identified an individual’s independent level of skill
identifies the type of supports needed to bring performance to higher levels
how does progress-monitoring assessments differ from other assessments?
this is used specifically to look at rates of growth over time.
Definition of intervention
the implementation of a plan of action to improve an individual’s communicative abilities
three things to consider when designing and implementing interventions
effectiveness
efficiency
adherence
Definition of effectiveness of intervention
the likelihood that an intervention will have the expected outcome and has value for a certain population
Definition of efficiency of intervention
the expected time it takes for an intervention to result in change
Definition of adherence of intervention
a person’s implementation of an intervention following the professional’s prescription
True or False: an efficient intervention effects change relatively quickly compared to other treatment options
true
Definition of theoretical knowledge
knowledge gained through typical communication and how a particular disorder impacts communication
Definition of empirical knowledge
knowledge derived from the scientific literature on the disorder, including knowledge of the effectiveness and efficiency of different treatment options
Definition of practical knowledge
knowledge gained through clinical experience with other clients with this disorder
Definition of personal knowledge
knowledge gained through knowing the values and needs of clients and their families
Definition of evidence-based practice
the process by which the clinician integrates 4 areas of knowledge to arrive at the best plan of action
Definition of fringe therapies
treatments for which there is no scientific evidence of validity
which practice guards against fringe therapies?
evidence-based practice
Three Primary Purposes of Intervention
prevention
remediation
compensation
Definition of prevention intervention
an intervention designed to prevent a disorder from emerging
Definition of remediation intervention
an intervention designed to slow the progress or reverse the course of a disorder once it has emerged
Definition of compensation intervention
an intervention that helps a person cope with a disorder whose symptoms are not likely to dissipate
Definition of Outreach intervention
the process of identifying people who are at risk of developing a particular disorder
True or False: Preventive interventions are delivered by an array of professionals but not a “one size fits all” approach
false - delivered by an array of professionals, but often uses a “one size fits all” approach
three types of goals involved in intervention planning
long-term goals
short-term goals
session-level goals
Definition of long-term goals
broad changes expected to result from treatment, and when these goals are achieved treatment can be terminated
Definition of short-term goals
these goals lead to the desired long-term goals
Definition of session-level goals
these goals are addressed in a specific therapy session and over time lead to the attainment of the short-term and long-term goals
must be measurable and objective
Definition of intervention procedures
the clinician’s plan of action
Three intervention models
Pull-out/Direct service
co-teaching / Parallel instruction
intervention consultation
Definition of Direct service
The professional provides services directly to the individual who has the disorder
Definition of indirect service
The professional serves as a consultant
Definition of pull-out intervention
A therapist provides intervention to an individual or small group, used in almost all clinical settings
Definition of co-teaching / Parallel instruction intervention
Two or more therapists work together to provide intervention to an individual or group
Definition of intervention consultation
therapist provides guidance to other professionals or to family members concerning assessment data and intervention approaches but does not work directly with the individual
True or false: co-teaching/parallel is becoming increasingly common in early intervention and school-based programs
true
where is intervention consultation most prevalent?
clinical settings
