Chapter 13 Flashcards
Definition of pediatric hearing loss
a condition in which a child or adolescent is unable to detect or distinguish the range of sounds normally available to the human ear
bilateral hearing loss
affects both ears
unilateral hearing loss
affects one ear
short-term hearing loss
is present for only a short period of time
fluctuating hearing loss
reappears periodically
permanent hearing loss
is not going away
progressive hearing loss
grows worse overtime
congenital hearing loss
present at birth
acquired hearing loss
develops after birth
developmental hearing loss
present at birth
prelingual hearing loss
occurs before language is acquired
post-lingual hearing loss
occurs after language is acquired
conductive hearing loss
caused by damage to the outer or middle ear, with the inner ear and cochlea intact
sensorineural hearing loss
caused by damage to the cochlea or the auditory nerve, with the outer and middle ears intact
mixed hearing loss
caused by damage to both the conductive and sensorineural mechanisms
true or false: all cases of hearing loss result in disability or disordered functioning
false - not all cases
true or false: with early identification a child may have a hearing loss but may not exhibit impaired abilities
true
prevalence rate of school children have a hearing loss that is educationally significant
8%
incidence rate of children experiencing intermittent hearing loss that is mild to moderate
35% (likely caused by ongoing middle ear infections)
if communication is not affected, what kind of impact does hearing loss have on a child’s life?
little or no impact and should not be seen as a disability
example of hearing loss but communication is in tact
children who are born congenitally deaf and are reared to speak American Sign Language (ASL) as their first language
What percent of children with hearing loss are born to parents of normal hearing?
More than 80%
What age is critical to the healthy development of a child with hearing loss are early identification and intervention?
before 6 months
what is the current age of identification of children with significant congenital hearing loss?
around 2 years
what happens when early identification does not occur or when intervention efforts are ineffective?
hearing loss likely will result in delayed receptive and expressive speech and language development
what four aspects can speech and language delay associated with hearing loss can include?
semantics
grammar
phonology
pragmatics
how is hearing loss in children and adolescents typically is classified?
etiology
manifestation
impact
severity
When congenital loss is present, about _____% of the cases result from genetic causes.
50
what are other causes can children can experience congenital hearing loss?
infection, injury, or illness in the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods
true or false: less common than biologically based loss, exposure to noise in the environment can result in a noise-induced hearing loss
true
what is more problematic than a loss in acuity?
decrease in auditory comprehension of spoken language and speech perception
Definition of threshold of hearing
the earliest point at which a person can begin to hear
true or false: threshold of hearing becomes lower as hearing loss becomes more severe
false - threshold becomes higher as hearing loss becomes more severe
Definition of audiogram
a graph plotting hearing level in decibels
two characteristics of conductive hearing loss
loudness of the sound is attenuated
some auditory information may be lost
true or false: conductive hearing loss usually is amenable to medical or surgical intervention and therefore often is temporary
true
in children the most common cause of conductive hearing loss
otitis media - middle ear infections
three characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss
decrease in overall loudness
decrease in speech perception
decreased ability to distinguish speech from background noise
what is the most common type of hearing loss?
sensorineural hearing loss
true or false: sensorineural hearing loss can be treated effectively with amplification or other types of intervention, but hearing cannot usually be restored
true
true or false: most often, sensorineural hearing loss is not present at birth as a congenital hearing loss
false - it is present at birth
characteristics of mixed hearing loss
permanent reduction of sound
additional temporary loss of hearing from the conductive component
how is pediatric hearing loss identified?
referral
screening
Comprehensive Audiological Evaluation
Objective Measures
Definition of Comprehensive Audiological Evaluation
Assesses the type and severity of loss (mild to profound), speech discrimination and auditory perception abilities in quiet and in noisy conditions, and the cause of any loss
Definition of Typanometry
examines tympanic membrane movement and graphs the results on a tympanogram
Children with _____ hearing loss will have ______ tympanograms.
conductive; abnormal
When a ____ hearing loss is present, the tympanogram should be ____.
sensorineural; normal
three amplification and Listening Devices
hearing aids
assistive Listening Devices (ALDs):
cochlear Implants
Definition of FM system
most common ALD used by children is a personal amplification system that can be used independently or with hearing aids
Definition of cochlear Implants
a surgically Implanted device that provides direct electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve
when are cochlear Implants appropriate for children?
when they have severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss
Definition of aural habilitation
individualized intervention to achieve fluent communication in a manual or oral modality
what are three principles commonly used for all children?
ensuring an appropriate listening environment
maximizing audition
supporting listening development
what are five principles commonly used for young children?
early intervention
parental involvement
naturalistic environments
social interaction
functional outcomes
what are three principles commonly used for school-aged children?
effective means of communication
self-advocacy
literacy
Definition of auditory processing disorder
a type of hearing disorder that adversely affects an individual’s processing or interpretation of auditory messages
true or false: APD is not typically accompanied by a loss of hearing acuity
true
true or false: children with APD typically have trouble with speech production
false - speech production is intact
symptoms of children with APD
academic and communicative difficulties
inability to follow complex verbal directions
spelling and reading deficits
inability to engage in classroom discussions
true or false: amplification through hearing aids is not an option for children with APD
true
