Chapter 6 Flashcards
Definition of language disorder
impaired comprehension and/or use of a spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems
Language disorders may involve these three things
the form of language (phonology, morphology, and syntax)
the content of language (semantics)
the function of language in communication (pragmatics)
True or False: a disorder is present if language skills are not consistent with what is typically seen in children of similar age and similar cultural and linguistic background.
true
Definition of language delay
a late start with language development; implies that the child can catch up with peers
language disability
suggests that children’s language difficulties are exerting a negative impact on their daily living activities or functions
language-learning disability
describes older children with language disorders who experience difficulties with academic achievement
True or False: language disorders are the most common type of communication impairments affecting children
true
language disorders are classified in these three ways
etiology
manifestation
severity
Definition of etiology
cause of a disorder or problem
Definition of manifestation
the impact and symptoms of a disorder or problem
etiology: secondary language impairment
occurs as a consequence of another disorder
etiology: developmental language disorder
present from birth
etiology: acquired language disorder
acquired sometime after birth
receptive language disorder affects what?
language comprehension
expressive language disorder affects what?
language production
mixed receptive-expressive language disorder affects what?
both language comprehension and language production
language disorder of form affects what?
only syntax and morphology
language disorder of content affects what?
only semantics
language disorder of use affects what?
only pragmatics
true or false: a language disorder affecting only one domain is a diffuse disorder
false - focal disorder
true or false: language disorder affecting multiple domains is a focal disorder
false - diffuse disorder
typically, a disorder that is diffuse is less likely to ____ and is ____ as more serious than a focal impairment.
resolve; viewed
Definition of lnterchild Differences
Variations of language disorders among children that occur in the cause, manifestation, and severity
Definition of intrachild differences
The symptoms and severity of a language disorder a child has that may change over time as a result of developmental maturation, treatments, and educational opportunities
Definition of specific Language Impairment (SLI)
a significant impairment of expressive and/or receptive language that cannot be attributed to any other causal condition
true or false: Children with SLI have normal hearing, normal intelligence, and no obvious neurological, motor, or sensory disturbances.
true
characteristics of specific Language Impairment (SLI)
inconsistent skills across domains
a history of slow vocabulary development
word finding problems
difficulty with grammatical production and comprehension
problems in social skills, behavior, and attention
language difficulties persisting over time.
Risk Factors of SLI
sensory deprivation due to environmental factors
biological factors (e.g., chronic middle ear infections)
low birth weight, prematurity, exposure to toxins, malnutrition
true or false: currently is no known cause for SLI
true, but there appears to be a strong biological and genetic component.
what percentage of children with SLI have a sibling or a parent with a language disorder
20-40%
Autism Spectrum Disorder
umbrella term describing a variety of developmental disorders characterized by significant difficulties in social relationships, communication, repetitive behaviors, and overly restrictive interests
Autism Spectrum Disorder affects __ in ___ children
1 in 500
true or false: there is a lower rate of these disorders in children with family members who are also affected, indicating a strong genetic component.
false - higher rate
true or false: boys are about four times as likely to be affected with autism spectrum disorder as girls
true
Three hallmark characteristics of autism are:
difficulties with social interactions
severe impairment of communication skill
restricted and stereotypical behaviors and interests
true or false: Children with autism have impaired verbal behaviors and little awareness of the feelings or needs of others
false - they have impaired NONverbal behaviors and little awareness of the feelings or needs of others
Definition of childhood disintegrative disorder
children under 10 years of age who appear to be developing normally until at least their second birthday but then display a significant loss or regression of skills in two or more of the following areas: language, social skills, bowel control, play, or motor skills
Definition of childhood disintegrative disorder
children under 10 years of age who appear to be developing normally until at least their second birthday but then display a significant loss or regression of skills in two or more of the following areas: language, social skills, bowel control, play, or motor skills
Definition of Asperger’s syndrome
children who have substantial problems with social interaction and show restricted and idiosyncratic behavioral patterns and interests
true or false: language skills of children with Asperger’s syndrome tend to be relatively weII-developed and are not viewed as clinically disordered
true
Definition of Pervasive Developmental Disorder {PDD)
children who have severe problems with social interactions and communication and who display repetitive behaviors and overly restricted interests but do not otherwise meet the criteria for autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, or Asperger’s syndrome
Autism spectrum disorders currently are viewed as
neurobiological disorders resulting from an organic brain abnormality
risk factors of autism
prenatal and perinatal complications
particularly maternal rubella and anoxia
encephalitis
fragile X syndrome
severe sensory deprivation (environmental deprivation)
Definition of mental retardation (MR)
a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, which is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period
About ___% of children in American schools have a diagnosis of MR, reflecting about ___% of children receiving special education services
1, 10
Diagnoses of MR can be made when
children under the age of 18 years experience significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
Definition of rubella
German measles - three day measles
Definition of anoxia
lack of oxygen to the brain
An accurate diagnosis of MR is made on the basis of two key considerations:
limitations in intelligence
limitations in adaptive behavior and the activities of daily living
true or false: profound can be used to describe MR
true
profound MR may restrict patience to:
unable to care for themselves, communicate, or participate in any community or employment activities
In general, children with MR show
show delays in early communicative behaviors and are slow to use their first words and to produce word combinations.
true or false: the language skills of a person with MR usually approximate the degree of cognitive impairment
true
true or false: the path to language acquisition tends to follow the same path as that of children who are developing typically, but at a slower rate
true
Children with ___ forms of MR may have ___ oral language skills, particularly in vocabulary, with ___ difficulties with abstract concepts, figurative language, complex syntax, conversational participation, and communicative repairs
mild, well-developed, minor
Some individuals with MR never learn to express themselves through ___.
verbal means
Historically, it was thought that individuals with MR reached an early plateau in ___ ___, but research has shown that new language skills continue to emerge well into ___ for persons with MR
language development, adolescents
Definition of brain injury
damage or insult to an individual’s brain
true or false: acquired brain injuries are the leading cause of death and disability among young children, and the majority of these injuries result from transportation-related accidents
true
true or false: when it comes to acquired brain injuries, females are affected twice as often as males
false - males are twice as often as females
About ___% of those affected by a brain injury have lifelong serious impairments that negatively impact daily living activities
60%
Mild brain injuries characterized by what?
a concussion and loss of consciousness for 30 minutes or less
Definition of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
brain damage resulting from physical trauma, particularly blunt trauma to the head
true or false: most common type of TBI is a closed-head injury (CHI)
true
Definition of edema
swelling of the brain due to increased fluid
Definition of discourse
producing language that is fragmented and difficult to follow
two Language difficulties commonly associated with brain injury
giving less information due to discourse
having difficulties with word retrieval
true or false: Children and adolescents with brain injury may be less likely to exhibit aggression, irritability, depression, and anxiety
false - more likely
three most common causes of brain injuries
automobile accidents, falls, and sports injuries
true or false: screening follows a referral
true
screenings determine what?
if a comprehensive language assessment is needed
language evaluation develops a profile of ___ strengths and weaknesses
linguistic
three parts to a comprehensive language evaluation
case history, interview, analysis
Definition of case history
a child’s developmental history
two criteria of a comprehensive language evaluation
broad-based and functional
use multiple methods of inquiry
Definition of broad-based assessment
this assessment examines all domains of language (form, content, use) in both comprehension and production
Definition of functional assessment
this assessment characterizes the extent to which children’s language skills impact their ability to function in home, school, and community environments
Definition of evaluation of Collateral Areas
this assessment should screen cognitive skills, oral-motor structure and function, and hearing
three things involved in how are language disorders treated
targets, Strategies, and Context
Definition of treatment Targets
the elements of language that are addressed during intervention
Definition of treatment Strategies
the manner in which treatment targets are addresses
Definition of treatment contexts
the settings in which treatment targets and strategies are used
Definition of child-centered treatment approach
The child sets the pace of therapy and chooses the materials. The SLP seeks ways to facilitate language learning.
Definition of clinician-directed treatment approach
The SLP sets the pace of therapy and chooses the materials.
true or false: reatment contexts should include as many settings as possible to promote generalization
true
Five intervention Principles for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers
early prevention
parental involvement
naturalistic environments
social interaction
functional outcomes
Five intervention Principles for School-Age Children
metalinguistic awareness
functional flexibility
discourse-level skills
literacy achievement
least restrictive environment
Definition of discourse-level skills
storytelling and conversational skills
Definition of literacy achievement in pre-school and school-aged children
phonological awareness and other reading skills
