Chapter 9: 9.3 - Regulation of Breathing Movements

Question 1

What are Chemoreceptors?

Answer 1

A specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals.

Question 2

What are the 2 Types of Chemoreceptors?

Answer 2

1. Carbon dioxide or acid chemoreceptors

2. Oxygen chemoreceptors

Question 3

Which chemoreceptor is the main director of breathing movements?

Answer 3

Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptors

Question 4

Where is the carbon dioxide chemoreceptors found?

Answer 4

They are found in the medulla oblongata of brain.

Question 5

What does the medulla oblongata detect?

Answer 5

• It detects the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the creation of an acid, in blood.
• If carbon dioxide levels are too high it forms an acid, in the blood.

Question 6

What happens once the carbon dioxide levels drop or decrease?

Answer 6

The chemoreceptors become inactive and the breathing rate goes back to normal

Question 7

What does the body do in response to high levels of carbon dioxide?

Answer 7

The nerve impulses send it to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase breathing movements.

Question 8

What are the 3 factors which cause increase in ventilation?

Answer 8

• Decreased O2 (oxygen)
• Increased CO2 (carbon dioxide)
• Increased H+ (Hydrogen)

Question 9

What conditions will be breathing be controlled by the pathway of oxygen?

Answer 9

• It will be controlled by the pathway of oxygen, when the oxygen levels drop and carbon dioxide continues at it normal or usual stage.

Question 10

What are the consequences of carbon monoxide binding hemoglobin?

Answer 10

• Less oxygen is carried to the tissues.

- CO2 (carbon dioxide) levels doesn’t increase.

Question 11

What is Bronchitis?

Answer 11

• Narrowing of the air passages.

- Inflammation of the mucus lining in the bronchial tubes.

Question 12

What is Tidal Volume?

Answer 12

• The quantity of air exchanged or traded at rest.

Question 13

What is Vital Capacity?

Answer 13

• The quantity of air exchanged or traded at maximum conditions.

Question 14

What is Bronchial Asthma?

Answer 14

A respiratory disorder attributed by changeable or reversible restricting or narrowing of the bronchial passages.
- During asthma, greater effort is needed to exhale than inhale.

Question 15

How does the brain respond to exercise?

Answer 15

• They get information or news from the blood about increased levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
• The nerve impulse is sent to grow the rib and diaphragm movements.

Question 16

How does the lungs respond to exercise?

Answer 16

• Increased ventilation which supplies additional oxygen and removes/extracts excess/too much carbon dioxide.

Question 17

How does the kidneys respond to exercise?

Answer 17

The kidneys extract the leftover hydrogen from the kidneys.

Question 18

How does muscles respond to exercise?

Answer 18

• Growth in muscle activity manufactures more carbon dioxide.
• Carbon dioxide and hydrogen grow.
• the growth or increased oxygen requests of the muscle lowers blood oxygen

Question 19

How does Adrenal gland respond to exercise?

Answer 19

• Epinephrine is released/set free in response/reply to exercise.
• This hormone causes the breathing rate to grow/increase.

Question 20

What happens during emphysema?

Answer 20

• Walls of alveoli become inflamed.
• The emphysema damages/destroys air sacs which causes them to lose their elasticity, stretch and in due course or eventually it will rupture.
• Due to this cause, it is harder to exhale.

Question 21

What happens during lung cancer?

Answer 21

• Greatly reduces/decreases the surface area for diffusion.
• Tumors may actually block bronchioles, as a result of that it will reduce the airflow to the lungs, which could cause the lungs to collapse.

Question 22

If someone smokes what happens?

Answer 22

It blocks the action of the cilia of the epithelial cells (the lining of the trachea)