Chapter 9: 9.3 - Regulation of Breathing Movements Flashcards
What are Chemoreceptors?
A specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals.
What are the 2 Types of Chemoreceptors?
- Carbon dioxide or acid chemoreceptors
2. Oxygen chemoreceptors
Which chemoreceptor is the main director of breathing movements?
Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptors
Where is the carbon dioxide chemoreceptors found?
They are found in the medulla oblongata of brain.
What does the medulla oblongata detect?
- It detects the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the creation of an acid, in blood.
- If carbon dioxide levels are too high it forms an acid, in the blood.
What happens once the carbon dioxide levels drop or decrease?
The chemoreceptors become inactive and the breathing rate goes back to normal
What does the body do in response to high levels of carbon dioxide?
The nerve impulses send it to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase breathing movements.
What are the 3 factors which cause increase in ventilation?
- Decreased O2 (oxygen)
- Increased CO2 (carbon dioxide)
- Increased H+ (Hydrogen)
What conditions will be breathing be controlled by the pathway of oxygen?
- It will be controlled by the pathway of oxygen, when the oxygen levels drop and carbon dioxide continues at it normal or usual stage.
What are the consequences of carbon monoxide binding hemoglobin?
- Less oxygen is carried to the tissues.
- CO2 (carbon dioxide) levels doesn’t increase.
What is Bronchitis?
- Narrowing of the air passages.
- Inflammation of the mucus lining in the bronchial tubes.
What is Tidal Volume?
- The quantity of air exchanged or traded at rest.
What is Vital Capacity?
- The quantity of air exchanged or traded at maximum conditions.
What is Bronchial Asthma?
A respiratory disorder attributed by changeable or reversible restricting or narrowing of the bronchial passages.
- During asthma, greater effort is needed to exhale than inhale.
How does the brain respond to exercise?
- They get information or news from the blood about increased levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
- The nerve impulse is sent to grow the rib and diaphragm movements.
How does the lungs respond to exercise?
- Increased ventilation which supplies additional oxygen and removes/extracts excess/too much carbon dioxide.
How does the kidneys respond to exercise?
The kidneys extract the leftover hydrogen from the kidneys.
How does muscles respond to exercise?
- Growth in muscle activity manufactures more carbon dioxide.
- Carbon dioxide and hydrogen grow.
- the growth or increased oxygen requests of the muscle lowers blood oxygen
How does Adrenal gland respond to exercise?
- Epinephrine is released/set free in response/reply to exercise.
- This hormone causes the breathing rate to grow/increase.
What happens during emphysema?
- Walls of alveoli become inflamed.
- The emphysema damages/destroys air sacs which causes them to lose their elasticity, stretch and in due course or eventually it will rupture.
- Due to this cause, it is harder to exhale.
What happens during lung cancer?
- Greatly reduces/decreases the surface area for diffusion.
- Tumors may actually block bronchioles, as a result of that it will reduce the airflow to the lungs, which could cause the lungs to collapse.
If someone smokes what happens?
It blocks the action of the cilia of the epithelial cells (the lining of the trachea)
