Chapter 10: Circulatory System Flashcards
What are Arteries?
They are blood vessels which transport blood away from the heart and into the tissues.
What are Veins?
They are blood vessels which transport blood back from the tissues into the heart.
What are the Outer and Inside Layers composed of?
Muscle Fibres and Elastic Connective Tissue
What is a Pulse?
A difference in the diameter of the arteries preceding heart contractions.
How does blood from the arteries proceed into smaller arteries?
Through arterioles.
What are the 4 chambers and their purposes?
Left & Right Atria
They collect blood from the body and lungs.
Left & Right Ventricle
They transport blood to the body and lungs.
During systemic where does the oxygenated blood proceed?
Tissues
During systemic where does the deoxygenated blood proceed?
Heart
What small system is it when oxygen flows to and from the heart?
Cardiac
During Pulmonary where does the oxygenated blood proceed?
Heart
During Pulmonary where does the deoxygenated blood proceed?
Lungs
What happens with the right ventricle and so on?
RV: deoxygenated blood → pulmonary arteries → lungs (oxygenated)
What happens when the blood flow is high in oxygen?
Blood low in oxygen → pulmonary veins → left atrium
What happens with the left atrium and so on?
LA: blood → Left Ventricle: Aorta blood → Arteries
Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries
How does the Blood Flow in the body?
Capillaries branches into the venules, and then it becomes the veins then it becomes vena cava which enters the right atrium.
What are the 2 Branches of The Vena Cava?
Superior Vena Cava & Inferior Vena Cava
What is The Superior Vena Cava?
They transport deoxygenated blood from the head and the upper body to the right atrium.
- Another definition to describe this is the means of collecting blood from the diaphragm up.
What is The Inferior Vena Cava?
They transport deoxygenated blood from all veins underneath the diaphragm.
What are the 2 pumps that operate at the same time and what do those 2 pumps do?
Left pump = they collect oxygenated blood
Right pump = they collect deoxygenated blood
What are the 2 Valves of the Heart and what are their purposes?
Atrioventricular Valve, Semilunar Valve
Atrioventricular Valve: split atria from the ventricles.
Semilunar Valve: split ventricles from the arteries.
What are the 2 Valves which branch from the Atrioventricular Valve?
Tricuspid Valve, Bicuspid Valve
What is the Tricuspid Valve?
They are among the right atrium and the right ventricle.
What is the Bicuspid Valve?
They are among the left atrium and the left ventricle.
How does the Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves Open?
When the atria contracts.
How does the Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves Close?
When the ventricles contracts.
What are the 2 Valves which branch from the Semilunar Valves?
Aortic Semilunar Valve, Pulmonic Semilunar Valve
What are the 2 Major Structures of Electrical Stimulation?
- Sinoatrial node (SA)
- Atrioventricular node (AV)
What do you know about the Sinoatrial node?
- It’s known as The “Pacemaker”
- It’s also located in the upper right atrium.
What is the Vagus Nerve?
It is when it is a parasympathetic nervous system, there’s also normal conditions, low heart rate
What is the Accelerator Nerve?
It is when it is a sympathetic nervous system, there’s also stress conditions, high heart rate
What do you know about the Atrioventricular node?
- It’s known as The “Conductor”
- It’s also linked to the septum
- It passes electrical impulses to a bundle of nerve (Bundle of His) divided or split into the purkinjie fibers, then to the ventricle walls.
What is the Electrocardiograms?
- It maps electrical field within the heart.
- Utilized to discover heart tissues , for stress tests.-
What are the 3 waves?
P wave: Atrial contraction
QRS Wave: Ventricular contraction
T Wave: Ventricular Relaxation
What are the Heart Sounds and what it’s purpose?
“Lub-dub” and “gurgle”
They are sounds manufactured by closing of heart valves.
Lub and Dub is when? Also, what happens during the process of gurgle?
Lub & Dub
Atrioventricular valves close (ventricles contract) & Semilunar valves close (Atria contract)
Process of Gurgle
It is when the valves don’t close properly or all the way.
What is Diastole?
Ventricular relaxation “lub”
Relaxation of the heart
What is Systole?
Ventricular contraction “dub”
Contraction of the heart
What is the purpose of the Chordae Tendinae?
They are bands of connective tissues which support the Atrioventricular valves.
What is the link between the valves, veins and skeletal muscles?
Valves - they steer blood toward the heart. They make sure that the blood doesn’t go another direction.
Veins - they are low transport pressure canals and also they are blood reservoirs.
Skeletal Muscles - When venous pressure increases skeletal muscles contract and it pushes the blood against the vein
What is Angina?
Angina is when there is not a sufficient amount of oxygen from the coronary arteries.
What is a Cardiac Arrest?
Heart attack
What is Atherosclerosis?
It is when calcium and other minerals deposit which creates plaque.
What is accountable for each sound?
The valves Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves are accountable for each sound
What is the Electrical Conduction Pathway for the heart?
Brain, Sinoatrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, Purkinje Fibres, Muscle Contraction
What is the muscular contractile events connected with each structure?
It is when the ventricular muscles contract or relax and then goes into systole and diastole.
What is peculiar about the Sinoatrial Node?
What is peculiar about this is that the brain sends a warning message to the Sinoatrial node.
What is Cardiac Output?
Amount of blood which flows from the heart per minute.
What is Stroke Volume?
Quantity or amount of blood pumped with each beat of the heart
What is Heart Rate?
How much the heart beats per minute.
What is Precapillary Sphincters and what is their part in circulation?
They direct the movement of blood from the arterioles to the capillaries.
Their part is to manage the blood pressure of the capillaries to ensure that it doesn’t burst open.
What is the name of the connecting vessels and what is it’s purpose?
The name is called the capillaries and it’s purpose is to connect the arteries to the veins.
Where would an individual find the lowest and the biggest pressure?
Lowest pressure: Veins
Biggest Pressure: Arteries
What is the link between Coronary Arteries, Angina and so on?
They all link together because the coronary arteries are important because they have oxygen. If there is not enough oxygen it will form angina.
How does the body grow blood pressure?
Through exercise. When someone is stressed it can increase the heart rate and the blood pressure. It increases the blood pressure through the SA node. First of all the brain sends a message to the SA so then the SA node passes nerve impulses and then what happens purkinje fibers carry that so it can go into the systole or diastole depending if its high or low.
2 other methods that the body grows the blood pressure is through Cardiac Output and Arteriolar Resistance
Once the Cardiac Output increases, the blood pressure increases.
Arteriolar resistance is when the diameter of the arteriole is directed by smooth muscles.
What are all the differences to the circulatory system due to exercise? Also, is the blood flow managed fairly throughout the body?
Well it grows the heart rate and the blood pressure so blood is flowing more in the body.
No it isn’t. The reason is because due to exercise blood is flowing faster than normal and that it will decrease the blood pressure and the heart rate
How does the body carry out thermoregulation? What differences are made to the circulatory system?
Well during a reduced environmental temperature
Human reply
- there’s shrinking of blood vessels in the skin
- the body hairs become rampant
- you shiver
what is the end result
- heat is kept
- an additional heat is produced by growth in metabolism
Well during a increased environmental temperature
Human reply
- Expansion of blood vessels of skin
- sweating
what is the end outcome
- heat is spread
What issues would a baby encounter if a baby was delivered or born with a hole in their septum?
With a hole in the septum, the left and right ventricles won’t divide. The blood would have to work harder to get blood.
