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Biology 20: Unit D - Human Systems > Chapter 11: Blood & Immunity - 11.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Blood & Immunity - 11.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 different classifications of Plasma Proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens

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2
Q

What is the fluid section of the blood called?

A

The Plasma

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3
Q

What is the function of Albumins?

A

They have osmotic pressure; and draws or brings water back into the capillaries. It also ensures body levels are sustained.

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4
Q

What is the function of Globulins?

A

They manufacture antibodies to fight infection; and they also transport fats. It supplies protection against invading microbes.

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5
Q

What is the function of Fibrinogens?

A

Essential for blood clotting.

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6
Q

What are the functions of Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)?

A
  • They transport oxygen.
  • They are 99% of blood cells.
  • They have 4 groups or categories of heme attach to oxygen molecules.
  • In the absence of hemoglobin life can be sustained for 4.5 seconds.
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7
Q

What’s the purpose of a Red Blood Cells which are biconcave?

A

It allows a bigger surface area for gas exchange. (They have a 20% & 30% more surface area than a sphere.)

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8
Q

What’s the purpose of a Red Blood Cells which are enucleated?

A

They have no nucleus when it has grown. Due to this, it permits for more cells to carry hemoglobin.

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9
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

It is where they manufacture blood cells (happens in the bone marrow).

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10
Q

What does Red Blood Cells what proceeds after that?

A

Red blood cells start as stem cells, which split and contract which loses the nucleus.

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11
Q

What stuff do you know about the Production of Red Blood Cells?

A
  • Red blood cells are managed by blood organ levels.
  • Low oxygen levels = an increases in production.
  • Kidneys unleash a chemical which merges with liver globulin to make the hormone erythropoietin, which signals growth in the red blood cells production.
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12
Q

How does High Altitude Training work?

A

It works when this training allows for more red blood cells production.

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13
Q

What is Anemia?

A

A lack in hemoglobin/the red blood cells which reduces the oxygen delivery to cells.
- It also manufactures low energy levels: the source of this is hemorrhage or deficiency/lack of iron.

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14
Q

What are the functions of Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)?

A
  • They are 1% of blood cells.
  • Accountable for housekeeping/defense
  • They have a nucleus making them different from red blood cells.
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15
Q

What are the different classifications of Leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes

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16
Q

What are Granulocytes?

A
  • They contain small granules in the cytoplasm which become evident when stained.
  • They are manufactured in the bone marrow.
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17
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

A
  • They have no granules in the cytoplasm. Changed in the lymph nodes.
  • They are also manufactured in the bone marrow.
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18
Q

What is the function of a few leukocytes?

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

What are the classifications of Phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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20
Q

What are the functions of Neutrophils?

A

Toxins, hemorrhage, fever, burns

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21
Q

What are the functions of Eosinophils?

A

Allergies and parasitic worms

22
Q

What are the functions of Basophils?

A

When tissues are destroyed.

23
Q

What is the purpose of Phagocytosis?

A
  • They destroy or damage invading microbes.

- Also, they push out of capillaries and move toward the microbe like an ameoba.

24
Q

What is the function of Antibodies?

A

They conquer toxins and microbes.

25
Q

What are Platelets (Thrombocytes)?

A

They are small sections of cytoplasm which shatter from the large megakaryocytes.

26
Q

What are the functions of Platelets (Thrombocytes)?

A
  • They do not include a nucleus.
  • They are manufactured from big nucleated cells which is in the bone marrow.
  • They are accountable for beginning blood clotting.
27
Q

Stuff about Blood Clotting

A
  • It sustains equilibrium by not permitting the loss of blood from torn or broken blood vessels.
  • They also anticipate the breaking of weakened blood vessels by supplying extra support.
  • When a blood vessel is destroyed and globbed together to create a plug to stop the bleeding.
28
Q

What is the protein which platelets release?

A

Thromboplastin

29
Q

What is it called when Thromboplastin and calcium ions are active in the blood and it triggers the plasma protein?

A

Prothrombin

30
Q

What’s manufactured when Prothrombin are alongside plasma protein?

A

Fibrinogen (*REMEMBER: one of the plasma proteins)

31
Q

What are Fibrinogen transformed into?

A

They are transformed into Fibrin Threads.

32
Q

What does the Fibrin Threads do?

A

Well they bundle around the destroyed area, confining red blood cells and there are more platelets to create a clot and stop bleeding.

33
Q

What does Thrombus mean?

A

It is a blood clot which blocks a blood vessel. Since blood won’t pass through the area, local tissues are not provided with oxygen and nutrients.

34
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Thrombus?

A

Cerebral Thrombosis, Coronary Thrombosis

35
Q

What is Cerebral Thrombosis?

A

It is a blood clot in the brain; and it produces a stroke.

36
Q

What is Coronary Thrombosis?

A

It is a blood clot in the coronary artery; and it produces a heart attack.

37
Q

What is Embolous?

A

It is the removing a blood clot. It is carried by the circulatory system to another section of the body.

38
Q

What is the process of the Blood Clotting?

A

So we start off with the platelets (thrombocytes) and they glob together and then the platelets release a protein called thromboplastin. Following that thromboplastin alongside calcium ions which cause prothrombin. After that we have the prothrombin alongside a plasma protein which forms fibrinogen. (*Remember: plasma protein - they are also important in blood clotting) and they are manufactured in the liver, and they are also transformed into fibrin threads. The fibrin threads bundles and confines the red blood cells and additional platelets to create a diet and stop the bleeding. Then we go over to the thrombosis which is a blood clot which blocks the blood vessel. It’s sad because blood does not pass through this and then we don’t collect or receive the supply and oxygen and the nutrients. Following that we have the 2 classifications of thrombus which are called cerebral thrombosis and the coronary thrombosis. Cerebral Thrombosis is a blood clot in which causes or produces a stroke. The next one is called Coronary Thrombosis which is a blood clot in the coronary artery which causes or produces a heart attack. Preceding this, the embolus is when it removes a blood clot.

39
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

It is a disease which the blood is unsuccessful in clotting.

40
Q

What are the functions of Fluosol?

A
  • It permits one to stay away from or avoid blood transfusions.
  • Supplies a 5 day temporary period in which an individual’s bone marrow may refill red blood cells.
  • Non-toxic liquid which includes fluorine.
  • It conveys both O2 and CO2.
  • It needs no blood matching.
  • It does not initiate blood clotting nor supply immunity.
  • It is supplied to patients who experienced multiple transfusions.
41
Q

What are the different Blood Types and what are their markers and their proteins?

A

The different Blood Types are Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O.

Type A’s marker is the A marker and they have A protein.
Type B’s marker is the B marker and they have B protein.
Type AB’s marker is the A & B Marker and they have A and B proteins.
Type O doesn’t have a marker and they have no protein.

42
Q

Which type of blood is the universal recipient and what does the universal recipient do?

A

The type of blood that is the universal recipient is Type AB and they collect blood from any donor.

43
Q

Which type of blood is the universal donor and what does the universal donor do?

A

The type of blood that is the universal donor is Type O and they can be donated to individuals of all blood classifications.

44
Q

What is type O’s antibody and does type O have an antigen?

A

Type O’s antibody is A and B and no they do not have an antigen.

45
Q

What is type A’s antibody and type A’s antigen?

A

Type A’s antibody is B and type A’s antigen is A.

46
Q

What is type B’s antibody and type B’s antigen?

A

Type B’s antibody is A and type B’s antigen is B.

47
Q

What is type AB’s antigen and does type O have an antibody?

A

Type AB’s antigen is A and B and no they do not have any antibodies.

48
Q

What is Transfusions?

A
  • They are glycoproteins which must be matched, and if they are not matched the red blood cells become antigens and will be killed by antibodies (proteins). The antibody links to the antigen.
49
Q

What is Agglutination?

A

It is the clumping of the blood which is produced by antigens and antibodies.

50
Q

What are functions of the Rhesus Factor?

A
  • They are collected or received from parents.
  • 2 choices: You have Rhesus Factor or you don’t have Rhesus Factor
  • Roughly 85% of Canadians are Rhesus Factor positive.
  • Rhesus negative blood Rh- can be collected by rhesus positive blood Rh+ as antibodies will germinate.
51
Q

What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

A
  • It causes issues with birth.
  • Happens with the second baby and more pregnancies if there are.
  • First child is excused since the blood of the mother and baby are split by the placenta.
  • It presents issues if the fetus is Rh+. The mother keeps many of the antibodies from her first experience with Rh+ blood. If antibodies cross the placenta, they link to the antigen on the red blood cells of the fetus, making them damaged.

Symptoms of Erythroblastosis Fetalis: anemia, jaundice, bigger liver.

Biology 20: Unit D - Human Systems (13 decks)

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