Chapter 8: 8.3 - Ingestion

Question 1

What does ingestion mean?

Answer 1

The taking in of nutrients (food)

Question 2

What two parts are needed for digestion?

Answer 2

1. Mechanical

2. Chemical

Question 3

What is the mechanical part all about?

Answer 3

It is a physical digestion to grow the surface area (chewing)

Question 4

What is the chemical part all about?

Answer 4

It’s when molecular bonds are broken and rearranged or reorganized.

Question 5

What does Absorption mean?

Answer 5

The transfer of digested nutrients to the cells of the body.

It is also a passage of monomers through the mucous membrane of the intestine into blood and lymph.

Question 6

What is Egestion?

Answer 6

• The removal of food waste from the body.

- It is also the release of indigestible wastes called feces.

Question 7

What happens in the mouth?

Answer 7

• Chewing the food in the mouth breaks it down into smaller particles and increase the surface area = increases enzyme function

Question 8

What is the salivary amylase?

Answer 8

It smashes down starches which are (complex carbohydrate) to simpler carbohydrates.

Question 9

What is the Buffer?

Answer 9

biocarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 10

What is it called when the trachea has a small flap like valve?

Answer 10

It’s called an epiglottis.

Question 11

Things about Teeth

Answer 11

• It’s essential for physical digestion.
• Each tooth is surrounded by enamel.
• 8 chisel-shaped teeth or 8 sharp, dagger, shaped incisors

Question 12

What are incisors used for?

Answer 12

They are used to cut food.

Question 13

Things about Premolars

Answer 13

• They are broad and flattened.

- Specialized for grinding food.

Question 14

Things about Molars

Answer 14

• They are wider, more flattened.
• They have cusps.
• They are made for crushing food.

Question 15

Things about Wisdom Teeth

Answer 15

• It does not usually appear until 16 to 20 years of age.

Question 16

Stuff about The Tongue

Answer 16

• Arranges food for chewing.
• Helps in mixing food and saliva.
• Moves bolus (ball) food to pharynx (back of throat)

Question 17

Stuff about Taste

Answer 17

• Nerve cells on taste buds respond to particular flavors.

Question 18

Stuff about Esophagus

Answer 18

• A muscular collapsible tube joined to the stomach.
• It pushes food into the stomach by the method of peristalsis.
• Small sphincter at the end (cardiac sphincter) directs the rate which food enters the stomach.
• The sphincter remains closed so gastric juice doesn’t splash against the esophagus.

Question 19

What is Peristalsis?

Answer 19

They are rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 20

Stuff about the Stomach

Answer 20

• The inner surface is thrown into long folds known as the rugae in a J-shape.
• It can store about 1.5 L of food.

Question 21

What are the 3 duties of the stomach?

Answer 21

1. It stores and mixes food.
2. Secretions (gastric juices) assist by breaking down/degrading food
3. Directs passage of food to duodenum.

Question 22

What does the pepsin do?

Answer 22

They break the long amino acid chains in proteins into shorter chains called polypeptides.

Question 23

What are the 4 layers of the stomach?

Answer 23

• Mucus cells: They protect or preserve the stomach lining.
• Parietal cells: Hydrochloric acid (Hcl)
• Chief cells: Pepsinogen
• G Cells: Gastrin

Question 24

Is pepsin active or inactive form? Also is pepsinogen active or inactive form?

Answer 24

Pepsin is active. Pepsinogen is inactive.

Question 25

What is a peptic ulcer?

Answer 25

It is when the protective mucous lining of the stomach breaks down, and the cell membrane is exposed to the Hcl and pepsin.

Question 26

When does the peptic ulcer occur?

Answer 26

It happens when the corrosive acid and protein-breaking down or digesting enzymes break down protective mucous lining.

Question 27

Stuff about peptic ulcer

Answer 27

• Histamine is unleashed
• Grows the blood flow to destroyed tissue
• Grows acid secretion

Question 28

What causes peptic ulcer?

Answer 28

A bacterium called H. Pylori (helicobacter pylori)

Question 29

What can treat peptic ulcer?

Answer 29

• It the virus is detected early they can use antibiotics.
• Another tool they could use to treat are laser beams.
• Peculiar lasers are made for surgical applications which may be utilized to remove any destroyed tissues.
• They can also use a device called an endoscope to look at the inside of the body.

Question 30

What is the Elements of the Digestive Process?

Answer 30

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Egestion