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Biology 20: Unit D - Human Systems > Chapter 8: 8.4 - Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 8: 8.4 - Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What does carnivores have?

A

short, however small intestine.

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2
Q

What does herbivores have?

A

long, small intestine

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3
Q

What does omnivores have?

A

medium or intermediate small intestines

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4
Q

Where does the bulk of digestion occur of the small intestine?

A

The Duodenum

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5
Q

What are the 3 elements of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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6
Q

What is villi?

A

They are long fingerlike projections, which extend into the small intestine to grow surface area for absorption.

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7
Q

What is microvilli?

A

They are threadlike extensions of the membrane which further grow the surface area for absorption.

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8
Q

What are Lacteals?

A

When a villus is supplied with a capillary network which intertwines with lymph vessels.

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9
Q

What is Capillary?

A

A blood vessel which joins arteries and veins, the site of fluid and gas exchange.

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10
Q

Another definition to define lacteals

A

It is a small vessel which transfers the products of fat digestion the circulatory system.

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11
Q

What is the secretin?

A

It is a hormone released or unleashed from the duodenum which encourages pancreatic and bile secretions.

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12
Q

Stuff about Secretin

A

Secretin is absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the pancreas, where it prompts the release of a solution including biocarbonate ions (HCO3-). They are unleashed or released from the pancreas and carried to the small intestine, where they buffer Hcl in gastric fluid and raise the pH from an estimate of 2.5 to 9.0.

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13
Q

What inactivates pepsin?

A

The basic pH

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14
Q

How is the small intestine preserved from stomach acids?

A

It is preserved by the released or unleash of secretin.

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15
Q

Prosecretin → (Hcl) chyme → secretin (active) →blood →pancreas →HCO-3 (buffer) → duodenum saved! → pH 2 to 9

A

Prosecretin →→ (Hcl) chyme → secretin →blood →pancreas →HCO-3 (buffer) → duodenum saved! → pH 2 to 9

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16
Q

What does pancreatic secretions involve?

A

They involve the enzymes which promote the breakdown of the essential elements of food: proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

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17
Q

What does the pancreatic amylase digest?

A

It digests carbohydrates.

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18
Q

What does Trypsin and Erepsin digest?

A

It digests proteins.

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19
Q

What does Lipase digest?

A

It digests lipids.

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20
Q

What does Amylase Enzymes do?

A

It continues the breakdown of carbohydrates which starts in the mouth by salivary amylase. The small intestine releases disaccharide enzymes, called disaccharidases which finishes the digestion of carbohydrates.

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21
Q

How does the Trypsinogen work?

A

Well the trypsin (active) when enterokinase (enzyme) is there (small intestine). Trypsin breaks down long-chain polypeptides into shorter-chain peptides.

22
Q

What are Erepsins?

A

They are the second group of enzyme which are unleashed from the pancreas and small intestine, and this finishes protein digestion by breaking short-chain peptides into individuals a.a.’s.

23
Q

Stuff about Lipases

A

Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Phospholipase acts on phospholipids.

24
Q

When the acidic food also known as (chyme) goes into duodenum, secretin is released or unleashed and pancreatic juice is manufactured.

A

When the acidic food also known as (chyme) goes into duodenum, secretin is released or unleashed and pancreatic juice is manufactured.

25
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile

26
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

It is stored in the gallbladder

27
Q

What does bile involve?

A
  • It involves bile salts which helps with fat digestion.

It also involves pigments. The liver breaks down hemoglobin from the red blood cells and store products in gall bladder for removal.

28
Q

What happens when there are fats in the small intestine?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released.

29
Q

Where is CCK (Cholecystokinin) carried into?

A

It is carried in the blood to the gallbladder and encourages or motivate the release of bile from the gallbladder.

30
Q

What happens when the bile salts are in the small intestine?

A

The bile salts emuslify, or breaks down, the large fat globules.

31
Q

What is it called when the breakdown of fat globules into smaller droplets?

A

It is called physical digestion

32
Q

What does the physical digestion help with?

A

It helps with preparing the fat for chemical digestion by growing the exposed surface area on which fat-digesting enzymes, such as the pancreatic lipase can operate.

33
Q

Stuff about Large Intestine

A
  • They go through the process of peristalsis.
  • Chemical digestion is finished.
  • Colon, the biggest element of the large intestine, must store waste long enough to absorb again water from it.
  • Large intestine reabsorbs or re assimilates water and indigestible supply, creating feces.
34
Q

What are 3 Parts of the Large Intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Anus
35
Q

What is the purpose of the cecum?

A

Well it reserves cellulose, bacteria

36
Q

What is the purpose of the colon?

A

Well it is the biggest component and reassimilates or reabsorbs water.

37
Q

What is the purpose of the anus?

A

The feces are unleashed or released here.

38
Q

What is the Appendix?

A

It is a small pouch off of the cecum, element of lymphatic system; harmful if infected

39
Q
  • Vitamins B and K are incorporated and they use waste supply and bulk if supplied by cellulose (in cell wall)
  • Bowel movement prompted by build-up of waste-removes toxic substances from body.
  • Low levels of roughage can lead to colon cancer (increase roughage = increase bowel movements)
A
  • Vitamins B and K are incorporated and they use waste supply and bulk if supplied by cellulose (in cell wall)
  • Bowel movement prompted by build-up of waste-removes toxic substances from body.
  • Low levels of roughage can lead to colon cancer (increase roughage = increase bowel movements)
40
Q

What are the roles or duties of the liver?

A
  • They manufacture bile (stored in gallbladder) -emulsifies fats, motivated by cholecystokin (CCK)
  • It also detoxifies blood (alcohol converted to less toxic substances)
  • Synthesizes plasma proteins (blood proteins)
  • Removes/filters old red blood cells.
  • Stocks excessive quantities of glycogen, Vitamin A, D, B12, iron and blood.
41
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

It is an obstacle or bile duct or damage of blood cells.

42
Q

What is Gallstones?

A

It is cholestrol and salt build up and obstruct bile duct.

43
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

It is damaged liver cells because of toxins.

44
Q

How does absorption work?

A
  • The stomach absorbs: water, particular vitamins and alcohol
  • Most or nearly all of the absorption of vitamins occurs in the small intestine - villi which is again fingerlike projections
  • Will grow absorption by 10x; the length would have to be 70m without villi.
45
Q

What are absorbed in the capillaries?

A

Carbohydrates and amino acids

46
Q

What is a Sensory Stimulus?

A

It is seeing, smelling or tasting food which will manufacture gastric secretions. (includes nervous system)

47
Q

What is a Mechanical Stimulus?

A

It is when there is consuming motions and it also encourages production of gastric juices.

48
Q

What does Gastrin Mean?

A

It is a hormone secreted by the stomach which motivates the unleash or release of hydrochloric acid.

49
Q

What is Enterogastrone?

A

It is a hormone secreted by the small intestine that reduces gastric secretions and motility.

50
Q

Would someone be able to still digest fats if the gallbladder is removed?

A

They would have still to be able to digest fats; it is just that they would have to take enterogastrone pills for the fats to be digested before eating.

51
Q

What does secretin help with?

A

The secretin it helps in buffering mechanism for small intestine.

Biology 20: Unit D - Human Systems (13 decks)

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