Chapter 9 Flashcards
Dependency theory
Theory of international relations holding that major states influence other states though their economic power
Calorie consumption
The total number of calories in a daily diet allocation
Energy consumption
The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as a raw material input to a manufacturing process
Foreign direct investment
An investment abroad, usually where the company being invested in is controlled by the foreign corporation
Secondary sector
Includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products
Development
The process of growth, expansion, or realization of potential, bringing regional resources into full productive use
Gross domestic product
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country
Human development index
Recognizes that a country’s level of development is a function of all three of these factors
Primary sector
Directly extracts materials from Earth through agriculture
Tertiary sector
Involves the provisions of goods and services to people in exchange for payment
Gender Empowerment Index
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making
Physical quality of life index
An attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country
Core-periphery model
A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region
Cultural convergence
The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly use technology and organizational structures in the modern world united by improved transportation and communication
Levels of development
The study of how countries develop financially
Measures of development
The process of achieving an optimum level of health and well-being. It includes physical, biological, mental, emotional, social, educational, economic, and cultural components
Neo-colonialism
A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed countries are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of less developed countries and peoples
Third world
A term applied to countries considered not fully developed or in a state of underdevelopment
Gross national product
The total value of goods and services (with some adjustments) including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country during a specified period (usually a year).
Purchasing power parity
A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country
Rostow, W.W.
Prominent for his role in the shaping of American policy in Southeast Asia during the 1960s, he was a staunch opponent of communism, and was noted for a belief in the efficacy of capitalism and free enterprise
Technology gap
The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment
World systems theory
Immanuel Wallerstein’s theoretical approach which analyzes societies in terms of their position within global systems
Technology transfer
The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or retention of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.
Agricultural labor force
A measure of the participating portion of an economy’s labor force
Subsistence economies
A type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus
More developed country
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum
Less developed country
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
The north and south split
For the most part, the northern half of the Earth is where all the MDCs are located while the southern half is where the LDCs are located
Value added
In manufacturing, the gross value of the product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
MDC vs LDC
MDC : tertiary level
LDC: primary and secondary levels
Productivity
The productivity is higher in MDCs than LDCs because they have more access to tools and technologies
Manufacturing regions of the world
East Asia, Japan, Latin America
Globalization’s impact on local trade
Locally owned small businesses now have to join together to receive aid from the banks because they are not large enough otherwise
Fair trade
Products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in LDCs
Stages of Growth model
Five stage model of development
- The traditional society
- The preconditions for takeoff
- The takeoff
- The drive to maturity
- The age of mass consumption
Distribution
Arrangement of features in space; three main properties: density, concentration, pattern
Transportation systems
Products that promote better transportation and communications are accessible to virtually all residents in MDCs and are vital to the economy
NGOs
Organization not run by a government but by a charity or private organization that supplies resources and money to local businesses and causes advancing economic and human development.
Informal economy
Economic activity that is niether tazed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that governments Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy
Outsourcing
The physical separation of some economic activities from the main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor
Economic sectors
Primary, secondary and tertiary levels
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compared the level of development of women with that of both sexes
