Chapter 2 Flashcards
Arithmetic density
The total number of objects in an area
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics
Physiological density
The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Population pyramid
A country’s population displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph
Sex ratio
The number of males per hundred females in a population
Epidemiologic transition
Focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Crude birth rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
Crude death rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
Natural increase rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
Infant mortality rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1000 live births in a society
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Tomas Malthus
An English economist who was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies
Neo-Malthusian
Argue that in Malthus’s time only a few relatively wealthy countries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition, characterized by rapid population increase and that the world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food
Demographic transition model
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase and a higher total population
Zero population growth
When a country reaches stage 4 of the demographic transition when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero
Population densities
a measurement of the # of people per given unit of land
Rate of natural increase
population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths
Demographic regions
regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in
Population distributions
how a population is spread over an area
Natality
the number of live births divided by the population
Mortality
the number of deaths per thousand people
Population explosion
rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century, attended by shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
Age distribution
The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population
can be used to estimate survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes
disease diffusion
how disease spreads in a population
J-curve
The shape of a line graph of population when growth is exponential
Cohort
A population group that’s distinguished by a certain characteristic
demographic equation
equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain time period, also taking account net migration and natural increase
Dependency ratio
ratio of the economically dependent part of the population to the productive part
Maladaptation
an adaption that does more harm than good
S-curve
the curve that defines the rate at which technology is advancing
Sustainability
how well a country can supply its residents with the proper needs
Underpopulation
a sharp drop or decrease in a region’s population
Demographic momentum
the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens, a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model
Diffusion of fertility control
Spread throughout the world
-shows how many kids a mother is having to see the growth of regions
Standard of living
refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to the people and the way they are distributed within in a population
Population projection
predicts the future population of a region
Carrying capacity
tells you how many people an area can support
the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present
Gendered space
areas or regions designed for men or women
Anti-natalist policies
Concerned with limiting population growth
pro-natalist policies
An attitude or policy that encourages childbearing
Major population cultures
Relatively the same CBR and CDR
or
High CBR and low CDR
Emerging population clusters
High CBR and lowering CDR
Sparsely populated areas
Non-ecumene
Dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, high lands
