Chapter 10 Flashcards
Agrarian
People or societies that are farmers and promote agricultural interest
Adaptive strategies
Describes a society’s system of economic production
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food processing industry
Agricultural industrialization
The use of machinery in agriculture
Agricultural landscape
The land that we farm on and what we choose to put on our fields
Agricultural location model
A model designed by Von Thunen, that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of the product, different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city
Agricultural origins
Carl Sauer says that vegetativve planting likely was originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain
Animal domestication
Domestication of animals for personal use or labor
Aquaculture
The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food
Biorevolution
The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies
Biotechnology
Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops
Collective farm
an agricultural production unit including a number of farm households or villages working together under state control
Commercial agriculture
Ariculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the ffarm. Two types: intensive(ex: terracing in South Asia) and extensive (ex: farming in Southern MN)
Core/periphery
The areas in the world that include MDC’s are called the core and the area of the world that contains the LDC’s is referred to as the periphery
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting soil
Cultivation regions
Regions where there is agricultural activity
Dairying
The farming and sale/distribution of milk and milk products
Debt-for-nature-swap
When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the ocuntry will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources
Diffusion
The process or spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same land
Primary economic level
Involves jobs like lumber and mining
Secondary economic level
Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials
Tertiary economic level
the service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities
Quaternary
the service sector dedicated to jobs such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising and wholesaling
Quinary economic level
the service sector dedicated to health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism and recreation
Environmental modification
The destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming
Extensive subsistence agriculture
Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple of years then left fallow for a relatively long time
Nomadic herding / Pastoralism
Based on herding domesticated animals
Extractive industry
made up of mining, quarrying, dredging, oil and gas extration industries
Farm crisis
Any disaster or occurence that interupts a farming season and hurts the farms profits for that time
Farming
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain
First Agricultural Revolution
Around 8000 B.,C. when humans first domesticated plants and animals. This allowed for future generations to grow larger because they no longer wwere just a hunter gatherer society
Fishing
The technique, occupation, or diversion of catching fish. Fishing provides a food source and employment to society.
Food chain
A series of organisms interrealted in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, ect.
Foresty
The science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. Trees provide building materials and fuel to society
Globalized agriculture
Diffusion of agriculture across the globe
Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer. Because of it, aricultural productivity at a global scale has increased faster than the population
Growing season
The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can’t grow at their latitude
Hunting and gathering
Hunting and Gathering Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people) and traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants
Intensive subsistence agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasibly yield from an area of land
Livestock ranching
commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to poor to support crops. Prominent in later 19th century in the American West; ranchers free roamed throughout the West, until the U.S. government began selling land to farmers who outlined their farms with barbed wire, forcing the ranchers to establish large ranches to allow their cattle to graze.
Market gardening
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually
Mediterranean agriculture
specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates)
Mineral fuels
natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources
Mining
the excavation of the earth for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals
Planned economy
An agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution.
Plant domestication
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives
Plant domestication
genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
Renewable resources
minerals that can be used and replaced over a relatively short time period; ex: trees, beans, bananas, sugar, tea
Carl O. Sauer
defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation. “Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.”
Second agricultural revolution
Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. Started in UK, Netherlands, and Denmark, especially with the Enclosure Act, which consolidated land in Great Britain. Poratoes and corn diffused from Americas to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial pssessions to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial possessions to Europe.
Specialization
Third level of cities (behind World Cities, and Command and Control Centers), offer a narrow and highly specialized variety of services. Typically specialize in management, research and devolopment of a spcific industry (motor vehicles in Detroit), or are centers of government and education, notably state captials that also have a major university (Albany, Lansing, Madison, or Raleigh-Durham).
Staple grains
Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.
Subsistence agriculture
A type of farming in which farmers grow just enough food to provide for themselves and their families
Suitcase Farm
Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.
Survey patterns - long lots
(French) Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.
Metes and bounds
(English) Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined by a measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as a waterway, wall, public road, or existing building.
Sustainable yield
Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature’s services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together wit production are able to provide satisfactory yield.
Third agricultural revolution
Green Revolution Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970s and 1980s, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth.
Transhumance
pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
Truck farm
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, accessibility to large markets of New York, Philadelphian, and Washington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostly to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.
Von Thunen
1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop. Also found that specific crops were grown in varying rings around city. Market-oriented gardens and milk producers in first ring, because of expense of transportation and perish-ability. In the next rings wood lots used for construction and fuel, because it is a heavy industry with high transportation costs. Next rings are used for various crops or pasture, with the outermost ring devoted to animal grazing. Von Thunen’s theory disregards site or human factors.
Seed planting
the reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization
Agricultural hearths
Farming practices diffused across the surface of the earth, central america, NW south america, west africa, SE asia
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
Extensive agriculture
A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output
Intensive subsistence agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
Intensive commercial agriculture
Intensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value
Milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Commodity chain
a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the market. Each link along the chain adds a certain value to the commodity, producing differing levels of wealth for the place and the people where the production occurs.
Monoculture
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
Boserup
human growth stimulates agricultural intensification (Malthus upside-down)- population increase provides more labor for agriculture
Intertillage
In shifting cultivation spreads out production over the farming season by planting different crops in the same field
Organic agriculture
approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicieds, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs
Pastoral nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Ridge tillage
System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
Vegetative planting
Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots.
“Tragedy of commons”
class of social trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good
Chemical farming
increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
GMOs
genetically modified organisms (GMO) organisms whose genes have been modified to increase things such as control over it, predictability, and efficiency
Swidden
a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning
Slash and burn
cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
Milpa
cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
Shifting cultivation
cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
Soil erosion
the washing away of soil by the flow of water
Deforestation
Mass cutting down of trees
Extractive industry
industries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earth
Nucleated settlement
a relatively dense settlement form
Village forms
linear- tightly packed, need land for farming
cluster- may have began as a hamlet, then further developed
round- keep animals inside, houses surrounding them
walled- farm villages fortified for protection
grid- easy to get around in, modern
Dispersed settlements
a type of settlement from where people live relatively distant from each other
Rural settlement
sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities
Building material
natural resources ; wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass, and bush
Food manufacturing
the Green Revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine. Allowing populations in developing nations to consume 25% more than before. This increase in diets is questioned by the content in diets; Asian farmers are eating more rice than fish and other vegetables because they ca rely on rice to grow efficiently
