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AP Human Geography > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

0
Q

Antarctica

A

A snow-covered continent that lies on the South Pole

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1
Q

Annexation

A

The entrance of a territory into a geo-political entity

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2
Q

Apartheid

A

A form of government that advocated racial segregation

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3
Q

Balkanization

A

A state begins to split up into smaller states

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4
Q

Buffer state

A

Small country in the middle of two larger states

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5
Q

Centrifugal

A

Forces that separate or divide a state

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6
Q

Centripetal

A

Forces that unify a state

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7
Q

Conference of Berlin (1884)

A

Regulated the amount of European colonization and African trade that was taking place in Africa

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8
Q

Core/periphery

A

Core are economically advanced countries. Periphery has a much less developed economy.

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9
Q

Capital

A

the city that is the seat of government of a state, nation, or province

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10
Q

City-state

A

a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland

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11
Q

Colonialism

A

attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

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12
Q

Core

A

the center, most important section of the city

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13
Q

Devolution

A

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

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14
Q

EEZ

A

Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.

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15
Q

Frontier

A

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.

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16
Q

Gerrymander

A

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

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17
Q

Imperialism

A

Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous so

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18
Q

Landlocked

A

a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

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19
Q

Irredentism

A

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

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20
Q

Microstate

A

A state that encompasses a very small land area

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21
Q

Sovereignty

A

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

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22
Q

State

A

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs

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23
Q

Stateless nation

A

a nation of people that does not have a territory to legally occupy, like the Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques

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24
Q

Territoriality

A

the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory

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25
Q

UNCLOS

A

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.

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26
Q

Unitary

A

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.

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27
Q

Boundary

A

an indivisible line marking the extent of a state’s territory

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28
Q

Confederation

A

An alliance

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29
Q

Cultural boundary

A

boundaries between states that coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion; another cultural boundary is drawn according to geometry

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30
Q

Decolonization

A

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

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31
Q

Enclave

A

a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory [Example: Lesotho]

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32
Q

Exclave

A

a territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which it is not politically contiguous [Example: Liberty Island]

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33
Q

Federal

A

an internal organization of that state that allocates most powers to units of local governments [Examples: United States, India, Brazil, Canada]

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34
Q

Geopolitics

A

relating to the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of states

35
Q

Heartland theory

A

Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world

36
Q

Meridian-line principle

A

an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.

37
Q

Nation

A

a politically organized body of people under a single government

38
Q

Nation state

A

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

39
Q

Reapportionment

A

to redistribute or reallocate

40
Q

Self-determination

A

the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

41
Q

Stateless

A

without a state or nationality

42
Q

Supernationalism

A

a world or regional organization that is not tied to any one sovereign country [Example: World Bank]

43
Q

Law of the Sea

A

defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world’s oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources

44
Q

Border landscape

A

There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border

45
Q

Domino theory

A

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

46
Q

Electoral regions

A

The study of the interactions among space, place and region and the conduct and results of elections

47
Q

Ethnic conflict

A

type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country

48
Q

European Union

A

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

49
Q

Forward capital

A

capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention

50
Q

Global commons

A

those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility–the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries

51
Q

Immigrant states

A

States with alot of immigrants

52
Q

Heartland theory

A

Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world Mackinder’s Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia).

53
Q

Mini state

A

independent country that is very small in area and population

54
Q

National iconography

A

the branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images

55
Q

Raison d’être

A

phrase borrowed from French where it means simply “reason for being”; in English use it also comes to suggest a degree of rationalization, as “The claimed reason for the existence of something or someone”

56
Q

Regionalism

A

loyalty to the interests of a particular region

57
Q

Reunification

A

the act of coming together again

58
Q

Satellite state

A

A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country

59
Q

Suffrage

A

a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution

60
Q

Territory

A

Land ownership

61
Q

Territorial disputes

A

Any dispute over land ownership

62
Q

Territorial morphology

A

a state’s physical shape

63
Q

United Nations

A

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

64
Q

Compact

A

a state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions

65
Q

Fragmented

A

a state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts

66
Q

Elongated

A

a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape

67
Q

Perforated

A

A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state

68
Q

Protruded

A

A type of territorial shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory

69
Q

Shatterbelt

A

an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values

70
Q

Religious conflicts

A

Conflict between nations for religious purposes

71
Q

Nunavut

A

A territory of northern Canada including part of the mainland west of Hudson Bay and most of the Arctic Archipelago. Primarily inhabited and controlled by the Inuit, it was formed from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories in 1999

72
Q

Women’s enfranchisement

A

The right of voting when given to women

73
Q

USSR collapse

A

Dec 1, 1991, a vote for independence in the Ukraine ( the most powerful republic)

74
Q

Theocracy

A

the belief in government by divine guidance

75
Q

Treaty ports

A

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality

76
Q

Manifest destiny

A

a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)

77
Q

Lebanon

A

an Asian republic at east end of Mediterranean

78
Q

Israel/Palestine

A

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, or Arab-Israeli conflict, What makes this a particularly sensitive issue oftentimes, is due to the horrendous suffering the Jewish people suffered in (Christian) Europe during World War II, to the extent that (in the United States, anyway), any criticism of Israeli policies towards the Palestinian people and other Arabs, lends well to an automatic, unfavorable label of anti-Semetic. In the United States as well, the Jewish community is well established and has influence over many aspects of US foreign policy in the Middle East. In fact, some commentators suggest that US Zionism is more extreme that that seen in Israel itself sensitive issues that is discussed. The introduction section talks about the western involvement in the Middle East in general, that forms a backdrop to the situation between Palestine and Israel

79
Q

Iron curtain

A

An impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy

80
Q

Resource boundaries

A

When neighboring states have trouble with boundaries because of resources

81
Q

International organization

A

an international alliance involving many different countries

83
Q

Natural boundary

A

Rivers, mountains, oceans, deserts natural occurring barriers

84
Q

Cultural boundary

A

Differences in culture separating two nations

85
Q

Functional disputes

A

arise when neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied over a boundary

AP Human Geography (12 decks)

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