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AP Human Geography > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

CBD

A

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

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2
Q

City

A

An urban settlement that had been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit

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3
Q

Concentric zone model

A

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

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4
Q

Edge city

A

A large mode of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

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5
Q

Gentrification

A

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area

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6
Q

Metropolitan statistical area

A

A central city of at least 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

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7
Q

Multiple nuclei model

A

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

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8
Q

Redlining

A

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries

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9
Q

Sector model

A

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the CBD

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10
Q

Squatter settlement

A

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

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11
Q

Underclass

A

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics

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12
Q

agglomeration

A

a mass or collection of things; an assemblage

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13
Q

Census tract

A

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

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14
Q

Barriadas

A

Squatter settlements found in the periphery of Latin American cities

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15
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

How the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District increases

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16
Q

Blockbusting

A

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

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17
Q

Centrality

A

The functional dominance of cities within an urban system

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18
Q

Centralization

A

The process by which the activities of an organization

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19
Q

Central-place theory

A

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

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20
Q

Cityscapes

A

An urban landscape

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21
Q

Colonial city

A

Compared to older cities , colonial cities typically contain wider streets and public squares, lager houses, surrounded by gardens, and much lower density

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22
Q

Commercialization

A

The transfermation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity

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23
Q

Commuter zone

A

The fifth ring in the concentric zone model that is beyond the continuous built-up area of the city

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24
Q

Counterurbanization

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

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25
Q

Decentralization

A

The process of dispersing desicion-making closer to the point of service or action

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26
Q

Early cities

A

Cities of the ancient world

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27
Q

Economic base

A

A commutity’s collection of basic industries

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28
Q

Emerging city

A

City currently without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate

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29
Q

Employment structure

A

How the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary, and tertiary

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30
Q

Entrepôt

A

A trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit

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31
Q

Ethnic neighborhood

A

A neighborhood in which the people who live in there and share physical, mental, and cultural traits

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32
Q

Favela

A

The brazilian equivalent of a shanty-town, which are generally found on the edge of the city

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33
Q

Female-headed household

A

A household in which the most powerful person is a female

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34
Q

Festival landscape

A

A landscape of cultural festivities

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35
Q

Gateway city

A

Serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation

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36
Q

Gender

A

The social differences between men and women

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37
Q

Ghetto

A

During the middle ages, a nieghborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure

38
Q

Globalization

A

The expansion of economic, poliical, and cultrural preocesses to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globlalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales

39
Q

Great cities

A

A city with a population of more then 1 million

40
Q

High-tech corridors

A

Made up of thousands of high tech businesses and industries

41
Q

Hinterland

A

The area surrounding a cental place, from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services

42
Q

Hydraulic civilization

A

Any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks

43
Q

Indigenous city

A

A center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country

44
Q

In-filling

A

The use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for further construction or development

45
Q

Informal sector

A

The economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that governments GNP

46
Q

Infrastructure

A

The fundenmental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, such as transprotation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

47
Q

Inner city

A

Residental neighborhoods that surround the CBD

48
Q

Invasion and succession

A

A model of change used in urban ecology to represent the effects of immigration on the social structure of an urban area

49
Q

Lateral commuting

A

Commuting between two suburbs

50
Q

Medieval cities

A

Cities that existed during the time frame of the middle ages

51
Q

Megacities

A

A recognized metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people

52
Q

Megalopolis/conurbation

A

An area of an adjacent metropolitan ares that overlap

53
Q

Multiplier effect

A

The expansion of the money supply that results from a Federal Reserve System member bank’s ability to lend significantly in excess of its reserves

54
Q

Neighborhood

A

The area or region around or near some place or thing

55
Q

Office park

A

An area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together

56
Q

Peak land value intersection

A

The land within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce

57
Q

Planned communities

A

Any community that was carfully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undevelped area

58
Q

Postindustrial city

A

A city in which an economic transition has occured from a manufacturing based economy to a servicebased economy

59
Q

Postmodern urban landscape

A

Attempts to reconnect people to place through its architecture, the preservation of historical buildings, the re-emergence of mixed land uses and connections among developments

60
Q

Primate city

A

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement

61
Q

Racial steering

A

Refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

62
Q

Rank-size rule

A

A pattern of settlement in a country

63
Q

Restrictive covenants

A

Provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional

64
Q

Segregation

A

The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

65
Q

Settlement form (nucleated, dispersed, elongated)

A

Nucleated: a compact, closely packed settlement sharply decorated from adjoining farmlands; dispersed: characterized by a much lower density of population and the wide spacing of individual homesteads; elongated: a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape

66
Q

Shopping mall

A

Mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers

67
Q

Site/situation

A

Site = the physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant, Situation = the location of a place relative to other places

68
Q

Slum

A

A heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor

69
Q

Social structure

A

Social organization based on established patterns of social interaction between different relationships

70
Q

Specialization

A

Separation of tasks within a system

71
Q

Street pattern (grid, dendritic; access, control)

A

The way in which streets are designed;
grid: streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion; dendritic: characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry; access: provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway; control: allows highways or housing projects to be supervised

72
Q

Suburb

A

Residential areas on the outskirts of a city or large town

73
Q

Suburbanization

A

A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities

74
Q

Symbolic landscape

A

Landscape that depicts symbols

75
Q

Tenement

A

An apartment building, especially one meeting minimum standards of sanitation, safety or maintenance up keep

76
Q

Threshold

A

The minimum number of people needed to support the service.
Significance: Many service companies when thinking of a location will consider the threshold or hte number of people that are needed fro them to stay in business

77
Q

Town

A

An urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

78
Q

Underemployment

A

Employed at a job that does not fully use one’s skills or abilities.
Significance: Since there is a competition for jobs in some areas especially those that are highly urbanized means that there might be a fraction of people who are underemployed

79
Q

Urban growth rate

A

The rate at which an urban area grows.

Significance: It lets geographers know the fastest growing urban areas and analyze their growth

80
Q

Urban function

A

Services that are provided in a certain urban area

81
Q

Urban hearth area

A

An area, like Mesopotamia or the Nile Valley, where large cities first existed

82
Q

Urban heat island

A

A metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.

83
Q

Urban hierarchy

A

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

84
Q

Urban hydrology

A

Study of water in Urban areas and how to treat it

85
Q

Urban morphology

A

The study of the physical form and structure of urban places

86
Q

Urbanization

A

The process by which the population of cities grow.
Significance: More and more areas have become urban over the course of history. Now the United States is fairly split between rural and urban areas dividing the land mas of the nation

87
Q

Urbanized population

A

Population that lives in Urban areas

88
Q

World city

A

Most important centers of economic power and wealth

89
Q

Zone in transition

A

Area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD; mixture of growth, change, and decline

90
Q

Zoning

A

Dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

AP Human Geography (12 decks)

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