Chapter 9

Question 1

syllogism

Answer 1

deductive argument that comes to absolute conclusion

Question 2

deductive argument

Answer 2

argument reasons from known premises to inevitable conclusions

Question 3

major premise

Answer 3

general statement about the subject that begins the syllogism

Question 4

minor premise

Answer 4

a statement about case related to characteristics of major premise

Question 5

inductive argument

Answer 5

reasoning from observations or events to conclude a general principle

Question 6

categorial syllogism

Answer 6

argument is based on membership in group

Question 7

disjunctive syllogism

Answer 7

major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternative

Question 8

conditional syllogism

Answer 8

a syllogism where a major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome

Question 9

consequent

Answer 9

an outcome of the hypothetic condition in the major premise of a conditional syllogism

Question 10

antecedent

Answer 10

the hypothetical condition in the major premise of a conditional syllogism

Question 11

enthymeme

Answer 11

a syllogism missing some parts

Question 12

reasoning by example

Answer 12

process of inferring conclusions and making general claims from specific cases

Question 13

reasoning by analogy

Answer 13

comparing two similar cases in order to argue that if one is true in on case must also be true in the other

Question 14

literal analogy

Answer 14

two cases are compared because they are classified in the same way

Question 15

figurative analogy

Answer 15

two cases are compared are completely different classifications

Question 16

reasoning by cause

Answer 16

arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect

Question 17

necessary cause

Answer 17

condition that must be present for the effect to occur

Question 18

sufficient cause

Answer 18

a condition that automatically produces the effect in question

Question 19

kairos

Answer 19

a peron’s ability to adapt to any occasion and deliver a message fit for that moment

Question 20

begging the question fallacy

Answer 20

a speaker presumes certain things are facts when they have not yet been proven to be truthful

Question 21

non sequitur fallacy

Answer 21

speaker makes unwarranted move from one idea to the next

Question 22

slippery slope fallacy

Answer 22

a logical fallacy that assumes once an action begins it will lead to an eventual and inevitable conclusion

Question 23

post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy

Answer 23

“after this, because of this” assumes that because one event happened after another, the preceding event causes the event tat follows. (supertitions)

Question 24

either-or fallacy

Answer 24

an argument in which you are present two options and declare that one of them must be correct while the other is incorrect

Question 25

red herring fallacy

Answer 25

a speaker introduces irrelevant issue or evidence to divert attention

Question 26

ad populum fallacy

Answer 26

when we attempt to persuade people by ruing our position is reasonable because other people are doing it or agree

Question 27

ad verecundium fallacy

Answer 27

appeal for persuasion based on higher authority or tradition

Question 28

ad hominem fallacy

Answer 28

a speaker attacks the person making the arguments and not the argument itself

Question 29

straw man fallacy

Answer 29

speaker ignores actual position of an opponent and substitutes it with a distorted and exaggerated position