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Psych 105 (final) > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

language and thought

1
Q

language

A

not exclusive to verbal communication and not exclusive to humans ( but humans are argued to have more complex language with intangible content and affords the ability for complex thought)

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2
Q

properties of language

A

symbolic, structure , meaning, generativity, displacement

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3
Q

structure of language

A

sentence> phrases> words> morphemes> phonemes

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4
Q

behaviorist theory of language acquisition

A

learn language through experience and observation

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5
Q

nativist theory of language acquisition

A

humans are born with some innate ability

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6
Q

language acquisition device (LAD)

A

human infants have mental capacity to acquire and learn language on their own

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7
Q

language acquisition support system (LASS)

A

there are societal/ cultural ways of teaching / learning language

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8
Q

language milestones (0-4 months)

A

can tell the difference between all possible speech sounds (phonemes); coos, especially in response to speech

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9
Q

language milestones (4-6 months)

A

babbles consonants

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10
Q

language milestones (6-10 months)

A

understands some words and simple requests

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11
Q

language milestones (10-12 months)

A

begins to use single words; can no longer reliably distinguish sounds that are not used in their native language

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12
Q

language milestones (12-18 months)

A

has vocabulary of 30-50 words (simple nouns, adjectives, and action words)

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13
Q

language milestones (18-24 months)

A

two word phrases are ordered according to syntactic rules; vocabulary consists of 50-200 words; understands rules.

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14
Q

language milestones ( 24-36 months)

A

has vocabulary of about 1000 words; produces phrases and incomplete sentences; telegraphic speech

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15
Q

language milestones ( 36-60 months)

A

vocabulary grows to more than 10,000 words; produces full sentences; shows mastery of grammatical morphemes and function words; can form questions and negations

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16
Q

bilingualism

A

the research on detriments/ benefits of bilingualism of cognitive functioning is mixed. earlier research suggested detrimental effects. some later research suggests more beneficial effects. bilingualism does predict later onset on Alzheimer’s disease (people that are bilingual/multilingual are less likely to experience Alzheimer’s because their brain is more active). second languages are learned best during the sensitive period of childhood; mastery of syntax and grammar rely largely on early acquisition (some argue sensitive period ends around 7).

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17
Q

Johnson & Newport (1980), Birdstock & Mollis (2001) on bilingualism and immigrants

A

stated that early arrival immigrants perform better in developing/learning the language than later arrivals

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18
Q

language and brain structures

A

most of the focus is on the left hemisphere. Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area as the language centers of the brain. Right cerebral cortex has found to be active in some language processing

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19
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

generally caused by damage to Broca’s area. a language disorder that makes it difficult to produce speech

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20
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

generally caused by damage to Wernicke’s area. a language disorder characterized by difficulty understanding and using language, despite having normal fluency in speech

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21
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language influence the way its speakers think and perceive the world.

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22
Q

Rosch and the Dani study

A

Rosch studied the language of the Dani, specifically in relation to colors vs English, findings challenge linguistic relativity hypothesis

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23
Q

propositional thought

A

involves manipulation of propositions (statements that are either true or false) ex. “the sky is blue”

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24
Q

imaginal thought

A

involves mental images, pictures, or sensory experiences rather than words or propositions

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25
motoric thought
mental processes closely tied to bodily movement and action
26
category specific deficits
individuals have difficulty recognizing or processing certain categories of objects or concepts. likely due to stroke or other severe injury to the brain in the left hemisphere's cerebral cortex. the brain is likely prewired to organize inputs into some general categories (ex. living and non-living things)
27
schemas
mental structures or frameworks that help us organize and interpret info. Expertise expands this
28
prototype theory
suggests we categorize objects , ideas, or experiences based on the best example or idea representation of a category, known as the "prototype". involving left hemisphere and visual cortex
29
exemplar theory
proposes that we categorize new objects pr experiences by comparing them to specific instances or examples we have encountered in the past. involving right hemisphere, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia. more decision making involved
30
semantic networks
a way of representing knowledge in the mind , specifically how different concepts or pieces of info are related to each other. it is hierarchical; the most frequently described level is the basic level ( prototypes exist at this level, the level the most thinking exists , inferential potential). Priming activates nearby concepts
31
priming
exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a related stimulus. works by activating certain associations or concepts in the brain , which then effect how we process new info. may influence thoughts and behaviour
32
Coane & Batola (2009) on Priming
participants recognize words faster that were associated with the holiday taking place month of participation
33
inductive reasoning
make generalizations based on specific observations or evidence. ex. developing theories
34
deductive reasoning
starts with a general principle/ premise and works its way down to a specific conclusion. if the premise is true, than the conclusion must also be. ex. applying theories
35
syllogisms and syllogistic reasoning
a conclusion is drawn from 2 given or assumed premises. 1. major premise: general statement or universal principle 2.minor premise: more specific statement that falls under general premise. 3. conclusion: statement that logically follows from major and minor premises
36
analogical problem solving and reasoning
using the knowledge of 1 situation to solve or reason about a new, different solution.
37
analogies
help understand/explain phenomena , convince others of same claim/ course of action, problem solving
38
Holyoak et al. (1989): Gumball study
was designed to assess the abilities of children to use analogies to solve problems
39
belief bias
cognitive bias that occurs when people's reasoning or judgements are influenced by their preexisting beliefs , rather than by logic or evidence.
40
belief perseverance
cognitive bias that refers to the tendency for people to hold onto their beliefs even in the face on contrary evidence
41
confirmation bias
cognitive bias that refers to the tendency for people to search for , interpret, favor, and recall info in a way that confirms their pre-existing beliefs
42
illusory truth effect
cognitive bias where people are more likely to believe info is true simply because they have been exposed to it repeatedly
43
illusion of explanatory depth
cognitive bias where people believe they understand something in greater detail and complexity than they actually do
44
availability heuristic
cognitive shortcut people use to make judgements and decisions based on how easily info comes to mind
45
representative heuristic
cognitive bias that occurs when people judge the probability of likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype , rather than relying on statistical reasoning/ actual probabilities
46
conjunction fallacy
cognitive bias that occurs when people incorrectly believe that specific conditions are more likely than a single, general one. -> people tend to assume that the combination of events (A&B) is more likely than just the occurrence of 1 of the events (A or B)
47
framing effects
peoples judgements and decisions are influenced by how info is presented , rather than actual content of info
48
sunk-cost fallacy
cognitive bias that occurs when people continue investing in a decision, project, or endeavor based on the resources they have already invested , rather than considering potential/future costs and benefits
49
optimism bias
we want good things to happen in the future. Tend to more vividly imagine positive than negative future events . more likely to incorporate new positive info onto our beliefs than new negative info
50
algorithms
step-by-step procedures guaranteed to produce a correct solution
51
heuristics
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that can be faster but may not always lead to the optimal or correct answer
52
grammar
as et of rules that specify how the units of a language can be combined to produce meaningful messages.
53
phonological rules
a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce words.
54
morphological rules
indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words
55
syntactic rules
indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.
56
telegraphic speech
speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words , often made by children around 24 months
57
universal grammar
a collection of processes that facilitate language learning
58
interactionist explanation of language development
although infants are born with an innate ability to acquire language, social interactions play a crucial role in language
59
Broca's area
located in left frontal cortex and is involved in the production of the sequential patters in vocal and sign languages
60
Wernicke's area
located in left temporal cortex. involved in language comprehension
61
concept
a mental representation that groups shared features of related objects , events, or other stimuli
62
necessary condition
something that must be true of the object in order for it to belong to the category
63
sufficient condition
something that, if it is true of the object, proves that it belongs to a category
64
rational choice theory
the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
65
prospect theory
theory that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gain
66
ill defined problem
problem that does not have a clear goal or well defined path to a solution
67
well defined problem
problem with clearly specified goals and clearly defined solution paths
68
functional fixedness
the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as unchanging

Psych 105 (final) (9 decks)

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