chapter 11

Question 1

germinal stage

Answer 1

conception-2 weeks after conception

Question 2

embryonic stage

Answer 2

2-8 weeks after conception

Question 3

fetal stage

Answer 3

8 weeks after conception-birth

Question 4

infancy

Answer 4

birth -18 to 24 months

Question 5

childhood

Answer 5

18 to 24 months- 11 to 14 years

Question 6

adolescence

Answer 6

11 to 14 years - 18 to 21 years

Question 7

prenatal environment

Answer 7

prenatal conditions are important for development. the unborn child can be exposed to teratogens that may severely effect development

Question 8

preferential looking procedure

Answer 8

a method used to assess perceptual capabilities in infants and nonverbal individuals by observing their visual preferences. babies have limited vision at birth . babies are attentive to facial -like features.

Question 9

Piaget and “little scientists”

Answer 9

believed children’s thinking changes qualitatively with age. cognitive development is due to maturation and experience. the child develops various schemas (assimilation , accommodation). the child as a natural born scientists. play at experimentation. prefer experiences that can be assimilated into existing schemas

Question 10

sensorimotor stage

Answer 10

0-2 years. cognitive experience is based on direct sensory experience with the world, as well as motor movements that allow infants to interact with the world. object permanence is the significant developmental milestone of this stage

Question 11

preoperational stage

Answer 11

2-6 years. thinking moves beyond the immediate appearance of objects . The child understands physical conservation and that symbols, language and drawings can be used to represent ideas

Question 12

concrete operational stage

Answer 12

6-11 years. the ability to perform mental transformations an objects that are physically present emerges. Thinking becomes logical and organized

Question 13

formal operational stage

Answer 13

11 years- adulthood . the capacity for abstract and hypothetical thinking develops. scientific reasoning becomes more possible

Question 14

Schulz and Bonawitz (2007) on Play

Answer 14

consistent with Piaget’s theory, the children’s play was oriented toward discovery, not toward repetition of already known effects

Question 15

object permanence

Answer 15

refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. associated with sensorimotor stage

Question 16

egocentrism

Answer 16

refers to a child’s tendency to view the world solely from their own perspective. associated with preoperational stage

Question 17

theory of mind

Answer 17

ability to understand that others have different perspectives, thoughts, and feelings. associated with preoperational stage

Question 18

DeLoache (1887)

Answer 18

at 3 years old, children can successfully use scale models to understand their environment and difficulty with symbolism and dual representation

Question 19

metacognition

Answer 19

being aware of and in control of one’s own mental processes. associated with formal operational stage

Question 20

assessing Piaget

Answer 20

general cognitive abilities associated with Piaget’s model occur in the same order across cultures. Children may acquire skills and concepts at an earlier stage than Piaget believed. distinct stages may be oversimplified as children may have some abilities at a higher stage but still at an earlier stage for other abilities. Culture influences cognitive development and Piaget focused on Western perspective of cognitive development . Cognitive development is more complex and variable than Piaget proposed.

Question 21

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 21

emphasized the child’s interaction with the social environment . Thinking is affected by the values, beliefs, and tools of intellectual adaptation found in a child’s culture. Neither the course nor content of intellectual growth is “universal”. Children can learn to think , in part, as a function of the tools of intellectual adaptation a culture provides

Question 22

zone of proximal development

Answer 22

the range of activities that a child can do in collaboration with more competent others but cannot yet do alone

Question 23

scaffolding

Answer 23

when experts provide responses that guide the novice to gradually increase their understanding of a problem. Critical thinking derives largely from the social, collaborative activity of dialogue ; from collaborative experience, we developed the capacity for internal sled dialogue

Question 24

Attachment

Answer 24

the strong emotional bond that develops between children and their caregivers. the first few years of life are the sensitive period for attachment . Not only in humans

Question 25

play

Answer 25

play evoked in mammals as a means to ensure the young of the species will practice and become experts at skills that are necessary for long term survival and reproduction . human also develop human specific skills with play . play also helps transmit cultural values. peers play an important role in children's social development. children are often influenced by the conscious concerns of their peers judgement. play with peers is often self segregated by sex; develops gender specific skills and attitudes

Question 26

Vygotsky and Play

Answer 26

children learn through play how to control their own impulses and to abide by socially agreed upon rules and roles. Children put great effort in planning /enforcing rules in social fantasy play. rule breakers are reminded by others of what they are supposed to do. social fantasy play predicts social competence and self control.

Question 27

socialization

Answer 27

the process in which 1 acquires the beliefs, values, and behaviours of a group

Question 28

sex-role stereotypes

Answer 28

beliefs about the types of characteristics and behaviours that are appropriate for boys and girls to possess. children are treated differently based on gender from birth.

Question 29

sex typing

Answer 29

treating others differently based on whether they are female or male. gender based perceptions are present in infancy.

Question 30

gender identity

Answer 30

develops at around 2-3 years. a sense of "femaleness" or "maleness" that becomes a cultural aspect of our personal identity . gender identities are based on superficial features

Question 31

gender constancy

Answer 31

develops around 6-7 years. stage of development where children come to understand that their gender (meaning biological sex) is fixed.

Question 32

gender stereotypes

Answer 32

develops around age 7-8. starting in junior high , these stereotypes tend to relax a little. may be learned through observation and operant conditioning. children in all cultures seem to become concerned about projecting themselves as clearly male or female . young children often create or overgeneralize gender differences

Question 33

Erikson's model of psychosocial development

Answer 33

goes across the entire lifespan focusing on typical conflicts . to some extent we experience all conflicts at each stage . success at one stage makes it easier to navigate at the next

Question 34

Stages of Erikson's psychosocial model of development

Answer 34

1. Birth to 12-18 months. key event=feeding. crisis= trust vs. mistrust 2. 18 months to 3 years. key event=social training. crisis= autonomy vs. shame/doubt. 3. 3-6 years. key event= independence. crisis= initiative vs. guilt. 4. 6-12 years. key event= school. crisis= industry vs inferiority. 5. 12-18 years. key event= peer relationships. crisis= identity vs. role confusion 6. 19-40 years. key event= love relationships. crisis= intimacy vs. isolation 7. 40-65 years. key event= parenting. crisis= generativity vs. stagnation. 8. 65 to death. key event= reflection on and acceptance of ones life. crisis= ego integrity vs despair.

Question 35

socioemotional selectivity theory.

Answer 35

posits that perceptions of time left in life, or future time perspective, provide insights to now individuals will be maintained to position their future goals, including the info and experiences they will seek to achieve these goals

Question 36

myelination

Answer 36

the formation of fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron. occur during fetal stage

Question 37

teratogen

Answer 37

any substance that passes from mother to unborn child and impairs development

Question 38

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 38

a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Question 39

smoking during pregnancy

Answer 39

babies born to mothers who smoke are smaller, more likely to be born prematurely, and more likely to have perceptual and attentional problems. 2nd hand smoke can also cause this

Question 40

intrauterine growth restriction

Answer 40

caused by women who receive insufficient nutrition during pregnancy . these newborns are extremely small and underweight, and have greatly increased chance of becoming physically or mentally ill adults.

Question 41

cephalocaudal principle

Answer 41

the "top to bottom" principle that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to feet.

Question 42

proximodistal principle

Answer 42

the "inside to outside" principle that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from center to the periphery

Question 43

assimilation

Answer 43

the process of applying a schema to a novel stimuli . developed by infants after they learn to develop schemas

Question 44

accommodation

Answer 44

the process of adjusting a schema to incorporate new info

Question 45

conservation

Answer 45

the understanding that many of the physical properties of an object are conserved (not changed) by changes in the objects appearance

Question 46

skills that human children have that allow them to learn (that other animals don't have)

Answer 46

1. joint attention ( ability to focus on what another person is focusing on) 2. imitation ( do what others do) 3. social reinforcing ( use others reactions as info on how they should think)

Question 47

attachment styles

Answer 47

characteristic patterns of reacting to the presence and absence of ones primary caregiver

Question 48

secure attachment style

Answer 48

infants may or may not be distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, but responds positively when they return

Question 49

avoidant attachment style

Answer 49

infants are not distressed when their caregiver leaves, and don't respond positively or negatively in their return

Question 50

ambivalent attachment style

Answer 50

infants are distressed when their caregiver leaves, and when they return, they act negatively

Question 51

disorganized attachment style

Answer 51

infants show no consistent pattern of response to their caregivers absence or return

Question 52

internal working model

Answer 52

a set of beliefs about the way relationships work . infants develop this as a result of interactions with their primary caregiver.

Question 53

Buamrind parenting styles

Answer 53

warm and restrictive= authoritative warm and permissive= indulgent hostile and restrictive= authoritarian hostile and permissive=neglectful