chapter 13

Question 1

social cognition

Answer 1

how people think and interact with others

Question 2

social influence

Answer 2

how people are affected by others, causing them to change their thoughts, feelings, or behaviours

Question 3

altruism

Answer 3

selfless concerns for the well being of others. a debate about genuine altruism ; kin selection and reciprocal altruism

Question 4

kin selection

Answer 4

individuals are more likely to help those who share their genes, thus increasing the overall success of their genetic material, even if it means a cost to themselves

Question 5

reciprocal altruism

Answer 5

when an organism helps another organism with the expectation of receiving help in return

Question 6

proactive aggression

Answer 6

a planned and deliberate behaviour that harms another person to achieve a goal

Question 7

reactive aggression

Answer 7

an impulsive response to a perceived threat or provocation

Question 8

biological explanations for aggression

Answer 8

testosterone and status . sex differences in physical vs verbal aggression; men more likely to partake in physical aggression and women more likely to partake in verbal aggression

Question 9

realistic conflict theory

Answer 9

explains how competition for resources leads to conflict between groups

Question 10

frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 10

frustration leads to aggressive behaviour

Question 11

social learning

Answer 11

the process of learning new behaviours and attitudes by observing and imitating others

Question 12

in group favourtism

Answer 12

tendency to favor members in ones own group over members of another group

Question 13

the free rider problem

Answer 13

a situation where individuals benefit from a shared resource or public good with out contributing their fair share to its cost

Question 14

common knowledge effect

Answer 14

a bias that occurs when groups prioritize info that’s already known to the group

Question 15

group polarization

Answer 15

when a group of likeminded people reinforce each others opinions and thus these opinions become more extreme

Question 16

informational influence

Answer 16

occurs when individuals adopt a group’s beliefs or behaviors because they perceive the group as having more accurate information

Question 17

normative influence

Answer 17

individuals conform to a group’s norms to be liked and accepted

Question 18

de-individuation

Answer 18

people in a group lose their sense of identity and personal responsibility

Question 19

the bystander effect

Answer 19

individuals are less likely to intervene or offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.

Question 20

Hill (1987) and affiliation

Answer 20

we affiliate for 4 basic reasons
1. obtain positive stimulation
2. receive emotional support
3. gain attention
4. permit social comparison

Question 21

social comparison

Answer 21

the act of comparing ones personal attributes , abilities, and opinions to those of others

Question 22

downward social comparison

Answer 22

comparing yourself to someone you see as less than you

Question 23

upward social comparison

Answer 23

comparing yourself to someone you see as better than you

Question 24

matching effect

Answer 24

people tend to be coupled up with people that have a similar level of attractiveness as them. argue that people try to get the most attractive partner possible, but there are “limits”, and that people do this because they feel less insecure.

Question 25

argument of familiarity and homophily

Answer 25

people are attracted to people that have similar features to themselves.

Question 26

Sternberg's triangular love theory

Answer 26

7 types of love/liking (intimacy, companionate love, commitment, fatuous love, passion, and romantic love). each type of love has its own timeline. focusing on a particular type of love may be associated with benefits but also threats.

Question 27

social exchange theory

Answer 27

views social interactions as a series of exchanges, where individuals evaluate the costs and benefits of their relationships and interactions

Question 28

attitude

Answer 28

positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus . may be informed by normative and informational social influence. may predict behaviour but not always.

Question 29

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 29

argues that attitudes best predict behaviours when you have a positive attitude towards the behaviour , subjective norms support our attitudes, and we believe the behaviour is under our control

Question 30

cognitive dissonance

Answer 30

a feeling of discomfort that occurs when a person's attitudes, beliefs , and values either conflict or don't match their behaviours /actions

Question 31

Festinger and Carlsmith's study on cognitive dissonance

Answer 31

cognitive dissonance occurs/increases when the counter -attitudinal behaviour (actions that go against your attitudes) is: -freely chosen -threatens our self worth -produces foreseeable negative consequences

Question 32

self perception theory

Answer 32

proposes that individuals develop attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behavior and drawing inferences about their inner states, especially when they are unsure of their feelings or motivations

Question 33

3 primary motivators for social influence

Answer 33

1. The hedonic motive ( experience pleasure and avoid pain) 2. the approval motive ( be accepted by others) 3. the accuracy motive ( desire to make the best conclusion/clarity)

Question 34

norm of reciprocity

Answer 34

social expectation that people should respond to others in a similar/equal way

Question 35

compliance

Answer 35

do what others do just to be accepted , surface level

Question 36

conversion

Answer 36

when you have a change in belief due to conformity, not just surface level

Question 37

factors that influence conformity

Answer 37

-group size increases conformity but only to a certain point. -presence of a dissenter reduces conformity -conformity decreases with more certainty and higher costs

Question 38

factors that influence destructive obedience

Answer 38

-remoteness of victim -closeness of the authority figure -levels of responsibility -legitimacy of the authority figure

Question 39

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 39

argues that there is two types of persuasion. 1, central route 2. peripheral route

Question 40

central route of persuasion

Answer 40

act of persuading someone using fact or reason

Question 41

peripheral route of persuasion

Answer 41

act of persuading someone using emotion

Question 42

door in the face technique (reciprocity)

Answer 42

the person making the request starts with a very large and unreasonable request, person says no, then a smaller request is made. people are more likely to agree to the smaller request if its made after the larger one

Question 43

foot in the door technique (consistency)

Answer 43

using smaller requests but increasing the costs of them. i.e., 1st request is very small , next one is larger, etc

Question 44

lowballing technique (commitment)

Answer 44

person offers a great deal, you agree, then they leave. You feel committed to this agreement. person comes back and says deal cannot happen anymore , but you feel committed so you still agree now even though it will cost you more

Question 45

and that's not all technique (reciprocity)

Answer 45

if person presents more benefits/ features to you in a deal, you accept the offer because you feel that they were nice and now you have to be nice

Question 46

situational attribution

Answer 46

blaming a persons behaviour or actions on their environment or situation not them

Question 47

dispositional attribution

Answer 47

blaming the person themselves not their environment or situation

Question 48

Kelley's covariation model

Answer 48

-consistency: does the person consistently do this -consensus: do most people also do this -distinctiveness: does this person do similar actions

Question 49

fundamental attribution error

Answer 49

cognitive bias where people tend to overemphasize personality or dispositional factors when explaining someone else's behaviour, while underemphasizing situational factors

Question 50

actor observer effect

Answer 50

the tendency to attribute one's own actions to external factors (situational) while attributing others actions to internal factors (dispositional)

Question 51

group think

Answer 51

the tendency of groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

Question 52

social loafing

Answer 52

the tendency of people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

Question 53

interdependence theory

Answer 53

people tend to remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

Question 54

category based inferences

Answer 54

inferences based on info about the categories to which a person belongs

Question 55

target based inferences

Answer 55

inferences based on information about an individuals behaviour

Question 56

behavioural confirmation

Answer 56

the tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave

Question 57

perceptual confirmation

Answer 57

the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

Question 58

subtyping

Answer 58

the tendency of observers think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as "exceptions to the rule"