Chapter 10 Flashcards
Intelligence
Ratio IQ
determined by child’s score on tests (mental age) divided by actual age x 100
deviation IQ
determined by performance on intelligence test compared to average score of others in same age group
Spearman’s 2 factor theory of intelligence
g factor (general) and s factor (specific). ex. overall gpa in all classes= g factor and grade in one class= s factor). many intelligence researchers focus on g factors
what g factor is likely to predict
academic achievement, pay, perceptual performance, self control, hiring, and job performance
positive manifold
the phenomenon where scores on different cognitive tasks in intelligence tests tend to be positively correlated.
Thurstone
argued for a set of primary mental abilities. (space, verbal comprehension, word fluency, number fallacy, perceptual speed, rote memory, and reasoning).
Cattel and Horn
broke down g factor into fluid intelligence (ability to reason and solve problems in novel situations) and crystallized intelligence ( involves the application of learned knowledge and experience)
confirmatory factor analysis
suggests a three level hierarchy of intelligence.
high level: g (general intelligence)
mid level: m1 (memory), m2 (reasoning), m3 (verbal skills)
low level: s1 ( recalling titles), s2 (remembering dates), s3 ( solving logic problems), s4 (making arguments), s5 (giving speeches), s6 (solving puzzles)
mid level abilities
how do we determine what a mid level ability is? ->
- data based approach ( look at where the statistics lead us)
-theory based approach ( focuses more on mental processes that underlie intelligent thinking
Carroll’s 8 abilities
memory and learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, cognitive speediness, processing speed, crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
associated with previous experience. increases until 50 or later. long term memory, best measured by tests of knowledge, word meaning, cultural practices, how tools work
fluid intelligence
associated more with perceiving relationships among stimuli independent of previous experience. working memory. peak at around 20-25. best measured by stimuli people have never experienced or are so common that everyone would have experienced them.
Raven’s progressive matrices
given a series of patterns or puzzles and then coming to a conclusion on what it is. we haven’t seen them before but we can come up with a solution; example of fluid intelligence
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model of intelligence
3 forms of intelligence; analytical, creative, practical. may share underlying factors but 3 different types of intelligence
Gardner’s multiple intelligence
intelligence should also include abilities and capacities outside of the intellectual spheres; verbal /linguistic intelligence, logical /mathematical intelligence, visuospatial intelligence, bodily/ kinesthetic intelligence, musical/rhythmic intelligence, self/ intrapersonal intelligence, naturalist intelligence, & existential intelligence.
-supporters: it helps motivate people with different strengths
-critics: some of the intelligences cannot accurately be measured, and limited predictability
emotional intelligence
supporters argue emotional intelligence reflects important aspects of daily life; stronger emotional bonds, greater success in careers & relationships, emotional control that reduces negative emotional states disorders, self control. critics argue that it needs to be scientifically tested more for the claims that are being made, the flexibility of the term “intelligence”
Weschler tests
most popular intelligence tests used in north America.
WAIS: Weschler adult intelligence scale
WISC: Weschler intelligence scale for children
WAIS
consists of 4 subscales; verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. Each sub scale has a score and an overall score based on all 4 subscales.
full scale score; sum of the scores of all subsets. uses results obtained from large samples as normative data
WISC
uses a comparison group for scoring. comparison group is always a set of children who are the same age as the child being scored
static testing
refers to examining a subject without actively using it. some argue only focuses on previous learning
dynamic testing
involves observing the subject’s behavior in action. Useful for testing those without equal learning opportunities/ cultural experiences .
dynamic feedback; increases scores , stronger relationship to education outcomes than original scores
where intelligence comes from
a combination of nature and nurture. genetics appear to play a significant role; 50-70% of variation is argued to be due to genetic differences.
reaction range
describes how genes set limits on an individual’s potential for certain traits while the environment determines where within that range the individual will fall.
Flynn effect
found that people’s IQ scores rise over time. People’s IQs increased by about 3 points per decade.
