Chapter 9 Flashcards
The shift in psychology from strict behaviorism to investigating ways in which the brain creates the mind
Cognitive Revolution
Investigations of how the brain creates the mind that draws from several fields, including psychology, philosophy, economics, neuroscience, and computer science
Cognitive Science
A mental map that allows us to know how to react in different situations
Concept
A process in which a person begins at an initial state and moves through a series of intermediate states to arrive at a desired state
Problem Solving
A step-by-step procedure for solving problems that is guaranteed to work but slow
Algorithm
A way of solving problems that relies on inexact rules so it is error prone but faster than algorithms
Heuristic
The ability to make surprising connections between seemingly disconnected ideas
Creativity
Moment at which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes clear
Insight
A set of mental assumptions about a situation that can be an obstacle to problem Solving by hiding possible solutions
Mental Set
The benefit of cost of an outcome multiplied by the likelihood of the outcome occurring
Expected value
Calculate expected values , pick the behavior with the highest expected value
Classical Theory of decision making
The way in which a particular problem or solution is presented
Framing
Based on the assumption that the most easily imagined possibility is also the likeliest
Availability Heuristic
The smallest unit of sound in a language
Phoneme
The ability to hear phonemes and assign the phonemes to words
Phonology
The smallest meaningful unit in a word
Morpheme
Connection between a word and the worlds meaning
Semantics
Rules governing word order in a language
Syntax
Shows that children who fail must be using imitation when they pluralize
Wug Test
The ability to efficiently and effectively learn from experience , perform mental tasks and solve problems
Intelligence
A statistical method for grouping items on a test into clusters by evaluating the correlations between items
Factor Analysis
A single factor that accounts for much of the variance in intelligence scores across the individuals
General Intelligence
Facts, information, and details that we have learned over our lifetime
Crystallized Intelligence
The capacity to process information and develop solutions to problems
Fluid Intelligence
Gains in performance on intelligence scores for the general population that have been observed over the last several decades
Flynn Effect
Individuals with generally limited mental abilities but outstanding capabilities in one or two limited domains
Savants
It measures what it was intended to measure
Validity
It yields consistent results across the entire test and separate occasions
Reliability
Refers to the practice of :
1) determining set procedures that will be used whenever the test is given
2) giving the test to people across a desired reference group in order to establish a range of comparison scores
Test Standardization
Persons who are unable to use spoken language to communicate
Idiots
persons who are unable to use written language to communicate
Imbeciles
persons who are unable to care for themselves
Morons
Actual age in number of years
Chronological age
The age group with the same mental ability as the test-taker
Mental age
the difference in scores around the mathematical mean
Variance
The score is not biased by the test taker’s cultural and social background
Culture fair
applied psychologist that works in school settings to address the educational, psychological and social needs of students
School psychologists
Applied psychologists who uses psychological science in addressing legal and criminal issues
Forensic Psychologist
a psychological theory that divides intelligence into three types: practical, creative, and analytical
Triarchic Theory
