Chapter 5 Flashcards
Environmental factors, such as material stress, viruses or drugs, that can negatively impact fetal development
Teratogens
The orderly sequence of biological growth
Maturation
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering ,communication
Cognition
A metal maps in which we store our experiences
Schemas
The process of adjusting a preexisting schema to comport with new information
Assimilation
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, occurring from birth to approximately age two, in which babies learn about the world through their senses and actions
Sensorimotor
The awareness that objects continue to exist when not seen
Object Permanence
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, occurring between ages two and six, in which children can mentally represent, but not mentally operate, objects
Pre-Operational
The principle that quanity remains the same despite changes in shape
Conversation
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, occurring between ages six and twelve, in which children can perform mental operations as long as they have tangible (concrete) materials to work with.
Concrete Operational
Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development, occurring at approximately age twelve, in which children should begin to demonstrate the ability to perform mental operations abstractly, without the aid of actual experience.
Formal Operational
A young child’s difficulty perceiving things from another individual’s point of view, resulting in the assumption that everyone else sees, hears and feels exactly as they do
Egocentrism
The association an infant makes between their caregiver, nourishment, and comfort. Key in normal cognitive and social development.
Attachment
Anxiety born of an infant’s inability to assimilate people (strangers) into the caregiver schema, beginning at approximately 8 months of age.
Stranger Anxiety
An optimal time period within which certain events need to take place to foster healthy development
Critical Period
a bonding process that occurs between certain birds and their perceived care takers
Imprint
When infants play happily and readily explore new environments in the presence of their mother
Secure Attachment
When infants demonstrate behavior marked by anxiety, avoidance, or a combination of both in regard to relationships
Insecure Attachment
personality characteristics that are made evident shortly after birth relating to emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament
the ability to overcome stress and trauma
Resiliency
The image individuals have of themselves, consisting of the abilities we believe we have and how we perceive them
Self Concept
how caregivers impart beliefs and standards of behavior to their children
Parenting Styles
refers to warmth, or to what extent parents respond to their children’s needs and wants
Responsiveness
refers to the extent to which parents expect obedience and responsible behavior, regardless of how their children may feel about it
Demandingness
the years spent moving from childhood to adulthood
Adolescence
an unsettled phase of life occurring between ages eighteen to the mid-twenties
Emerging Adulthood
the period of sexual maturation in which we can become capable of sexual reproduction
Puberty
external genitalia and reproductive organs; primarily internal
Primary Sex Characteristics
external indicators of sexual maturation such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deeper voices in boys; primarily external
Secondary Sex Characteristics
the belief that an adolescent’s private experiences are unique and that others, especially their peers, are always directing their attention toward them
Adolescent Egocentrism
the development of the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong
Moral Development
gut feelings that can drive decisions, such as the desire to return a favor
Moral Intuitions
an individual’s consistent sense of who they are.
Identity
the ability to form emotionally close relationships, particularly of a romantic nature
Intimacy
an umbrella term for symptoms of a degenerating brain, such as impaired thinking and memory
Dementia
a specific form of dementia that is irreversible, and includes impaired thought, impaired speech, flat affect, and confusion
Alzheimer’s disease
The appropriate time, depending upon one’s culture, to leave home, get a job, marry, have children, and retire
Social Clock
The emotional and role changes that occur following the death of a loved one
Bereavement
A multidisciplinary support approach to caring for people with serious illnesses, with the goal of improving quality of life for patient and family
Palliative Care
