Chapter 2

Question 1

A systematic, organized approach to understanding the physical world through direct observation and measurement

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

the ability to test a hypothesis with an objective, empirical observation that could
demonstrate the hypothesis to be incorrect

Answer 2

Falsifiability

Question 3

a committee composed of scientists and administrators that oversees all human research in order to protect the rights of research participants

Answer 3

Institutional Review Board

Question 4

a graph that shows the relation between two continuous variables.

Answer 4

Scatterplot

Question 5

a type of mathematics used to describe and evaluate data

Answer 5

Statistics

Question 6

Providing a clear understanding of when and where the observed behaviors occur

Answer 6

Description

Question 7

Ask when and under which conditions the behavior will and will not occur

Answer 7

Prediction

Question 8

Explains why the behavior happens the way it does

Answer 8

Explanation

Question 9

Apply the knowledge gained to make a behavior occur or not occur

Answer 9

Control

Question 10

A statement that clearly explains what is being measured and how to measure it

Answer 10

Operational Definition

Question 11

Changes in behavior that occur because of being observed

Answer 11

Reactivity

Question 12

The ability of the researcher to control the environment and minimize outside influences

Answer 12

Experimental Control

Question 13

The degree to which the testing environment is similar to the real world context where the behavior typically occurs

Answer 13

Environmental Realism

Question 14

A technology that measures changes in blood flow in the brain during mental activity

Answer 14

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 15

Refers to the ability to minimize the influence of variables other than those involved in the research question

Answer 15

Internal Validity

Question 16

Refers to the degree to which findings from the study can be applied to situations and paricpants outside the original group of participants

Answer 16

External Validity

Question 17

A research method where behavior is observed and recorded in the context where it typically occurs with as little interference from the researchers as possible

Answer 17

Naturalistic Observation

Question 18

A detailed observation of a single individual or groups of individuals

Answer 18

Case Study

Question 19

the degree to which findings from one context can be applied to a different context

Answer 19

Generalizability

Question 20

The researchers measure two or more variables and then use statistical procedures to evaluate the degree of relationship between the variables.

Answer 20

Correlation Study

Question 21

a situation where two variables are not directly related, but are statistically correlated.

Answer 21

Spurious Correlation

Question 22

summarizes the degree of relatedness between two continuous variables.

Answer 22

Correlation Coefficient

Question 23

the group given the treatment

Answer 23

Experimental Condition

Question 24

The group not given the treatment

Answer 24

Control Condition

Question 25

in the case of a drug therapy, if a group of depressed participants is given capsules filled with sugar, they will often feel some relief from their depression compared to a group of participants that are not given any sugar-filled capsules

Answer 25

The placebo effect

Question 26

The environmental conditions that the researcher manipulates during the experiment.

Answer 26

Independent Variables

Question 27

The behavior that is being directly measured and observed

Answer 27

Dependent Variable

Question 28

Environmental factors other than the independent variables that influence on the observed level of the dependent variable

Answer 28

Confouding Variables