Chapter 9

Question 1

What are fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

A,D,E,K

Question 2

how are they absorbed?

Answer 2

require dietary fat for absorption, are transported via the lymphatic system, and are stored in body fat, unlike water-soluble vitamins which are absorbed directly into the bloodstream.

Question 3

What are the forms of Vitamin A?

Answer 3

include retinoids (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid from animal sources) and carotenoids (precursors like beta-carotene from plant sources).

Question 4

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

Answer 4

crucial for vision (especially night vision), gene expression, regulating cell growth, differentiation, and maintaining immune function.

Question 5

What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A?

Answer 5

night blindness, xerophthalmia, impaired growth, dry skin, and reduced immune function.

Question 5

What are Animal food sources of Vitamin A?

Answer 5

liver, fish, fortified milk, eggs.

Question 6

What are plant sources for Vitamin A

Answer 6

carrots, leafy greens, sweet potatoes, broccoli, apricots​

Question 7

What are the toxicity concerns for Vitamin A?

Answer 7

cause birth defects, liver damage, and bone pain. High beta-carotene intake can lead to carotenoidosis (orange skin) and can be harmful to smokers

Question 8

What is Vitamin D’s function?

Answer 8

regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption, maintains bone health, supports the immune system, and aids in gene expression.

Question 9

What are Vitamin D’s target tissues and roles?

Answer 9

Intestine: increases calcium absorption.

Kidneys: increases calcium retention.
Bone: regulates bone formation and breakdown.

Question 10

How is Vitamin D synthesized from the sun?

Answer 10

UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to Vitamin D3, which is then activated in the liver and kidneys.

Question 11

Who is at risk of Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 11

Breastfed infants, elderly, people with kidney disease, those with dark skin, and people who avoid sun exposure

Question 12

What are the symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 12

Rickets in children (soft, misshaped bones) and osteomalacia in adults (weak bones, fractures)​

Question 13

What are the toxicity concerns for Vitamin D?

Answer 13

Over-supplementation can lead to calcium deposits in soft tissues, kidney damage, and cardiovascular damage​

Question 14

What is the role of Vitamin E?

Answer 14

acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage and working with Vitamin C to neutralize free radicals.

Question 15

What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E?

Answer 15

cause hemolytic anemia (red blood cell breakdown) and nerve damage.

Question 15

What are the food sources of Vitamin E?

Answer 15

Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and leafy greens​

Question 16

What are the toxicity concerns for Vitamin E?

Answer 16

Excessive Vitamin E can interfere with blood clotting by inhibiting Vitamin K activity, especially in those taking blood thinners

Question 17

What are the forms and functions of Vitamin K?

Answer 17

exists as phylloquinone (from plants) and menaquinones (from bacteria). It is essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism.

Question 17

What are the food sources of Vitamin K?

Answer 17

Leafy greens, vegetable oils, and synthesis by intestinal bacteria

Question 18

What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin K?

Answer 18

hemorrhage due to impaired blood clotting, particularly in newborns​

Question 19

What are phytochemicals?

Answer 19

health-promoting compounds found in plant foods, including carotenoids (e.g., beta-carotene), flavonoids (e.g., in blueberries), indoles, and alliums (e.g., garlic, onions).

Question 20

What are strategies to increase phytochemicals in the diet?

Answer 20

Increase fruit and vegetable intake, choose whole grains, and incorporate plant-based proteins like soy and legumes