Chapter 7

Question 1

Health Problems in Overweight/Obese Individuals

Answer 1

Increased risk for
* cardiovascular disease
*type 2 diabetes
* respiratory issues (e.g., sleep apnea) * gallbladder disease
*osteoarthritis
* menstrual irregularities
* various cancers (e.g., endometrial, breast, and colorectal).

Question 2

Weight Stigmatization

Answer 2

Overweight and obese individuals often face social stigma, which can negatively impact mental health, leading to stress, anxiety, and depression

Question 3

Consequences of Being Underweight

Answer 3

Increased risk of malnutrition, weakened immune system, osteoporosis, and fertility issues​

Question 4

ATP Generation from Food

Answer 4

Energy from food is converted into ATP through cellular respiration, involving glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain​

Question 5

Components of Energy Expenditure

Answer 5

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Physical activity
Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Question 6

BMR

Answer 6

Basal metabolic rate, Energy used for basic body functions.
Highest proportion of TOTAL ENERGY

Question 7

Physical activity

Answer 7

Energy used during exercise and daily activities

Question 8

TEF

Answer 8

Thermic effect of food, Energy required to digest and absorb food​

Question 9

Storage of Excess Dietary Energy

Answer 9

Excess energy is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or as fat in adipose tissue​

Question 10

Factors Influencing Energy Expenditure

Answer 10

Include age, gender, muscle mass, physical activity, hormones, and genetics​

Question 10

Methods of Measuring Energy Expenditure

Answer 10

Techniques like direct and indirect calorimetry, doubly-labeled water, and respiratory quotient are used to estimate energy expenditure

Question 10

Lean vs. Fat Tissue

Answer 10

Lean tissue (e.g., muscle) burns more calories than fat tissue (adipose tissue), influencing metabolism and body composition

Question 11

Estimating Body Fat Percentage

Answer 11

Methods include skinfold measurements, bioelectric impedance, DEXA scans, and underwater weighing

Question 12

Strengths of BMI:

Answer 12

Easy and widely used

Question 13

Limitations of BMI

Answer 13

Doesn’t account for muscle mass, age, or fat distribution​

Question 14

Visceral Fat

Answer 14

(around organs) poses greater health risks (e.g., cardiovascular disease)

Question 15

Subcutaneous Fat:

Answer 15

(beneath the skin)​

Question 16

Genetic Factors

Answer 16

Influence metabolism and fat storage

Question 17

Lifestyle Factors

Answer 17

(diet, activity levels) significantly affect body weight

Question 18

Healthy Weight Strategies

Answer 18

Include balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and behavioral changes aimed at long-term maintenance​

Question 19

Weight-Loss and Maintenance Strategies

Answer 19

Gradual weight loss, sustainable diets, and regular exercise help in maintaining healthy body weight​

Question 20

Healthy Diet

Answer 20

balanced, flexible, and long-term

Question 21

Fad Diet

Answer 21

often restrictive, unsustainable, and sometimes harmful

Question 21

Low-Calorie Diet Characteristics

Answer 21

Should include a variety of nutrient-dense foods, focus on gradual weight loss, and avoid extreme calorie restrictions

Question 22

Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Diets

Answer 22

Diets focusing on balanced macronutrients and gradual changes are more effective than extreme, unsustainable options

Question 23

Weight-Loss Drugs

Answer 23

Some medications (e.g., Orlistat, Ozempic) aid weight loss but may have side effects and are recommended for individuals with significant health risks

Question 24

Bariatric Surgery

Answer 24

Used for individuals with severe obesity, it carries risks (e.g., infections, nutritional deficiencies) but can lead to significant weight loss and health improvements​