Chapter 14 Flashcards
What changes occur during prenatal growth and pregnancy in the mother?
Fetal development: Rapid cell growth, organ formation, and weight gain.
Maternal changes: Increased blood volume, uterine growth, breast development, hormonal changes, fat deposition, and muscle/ligament relaxation.
What are common discomforts during pregnancy?
Morning sickness, heartburn, edema, constipation, and hemorrhoids.
What complications can arise during pregnancy?
Pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth.
Fetal risks include low birth weight, congenital abnormalities, and developmental delays.
What are the GWG guidelines based on pre-pregnancy BMI?
Underweight (BMI < 18.5kg/m^2): 13–18 kg (28–40 lb).
Normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9kg/m^2): 11.5–16 kg (25–35 lb).
Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9kg/m^2): 7–11.5 kg (15–25 lb).
Obese (BMI > 30.0kg/m^2): 5–9 kg (11–20 lb).
What are essential nutrients during pregnancy and their roles?
Energy: +350-450 kcal/day (2nd and 3rd trimesters).
Protein: +25 g/day for fetal growth.
Folic acid: 400 μg/day to prevent neural tube defects.
Iron: Supports increased blood volume and oxygen delivery.
Calcium: Supports fetal bone development.
Omega-3 fatty acids: Critical for brain and vision development.
Which nutrients might require supplementation during pregnancy?
Folic acid, iron, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, choline, and calcium.
What factors increase pregnancy risks?
Maternal BMI: <19.8 (low birth weight risk), >26 (large-for-gestational-age risk).
Teen pregnancy, smoking, alcohol, teratogen exposure.
Medical conditions: Diabetes, hypertension, malnutrition.
What is lactation, and how does it work?
Definition: Milk production by mammary glands.
Physiology: Prolactin stimulates milk production; oxytocin triggers milk ejection (“letdown”).
What are key health messages for women and partners?
Avoid alcohol, smoking, and environmental toxins.
Follow proper nutrition and physical activity guidelines.
Seek prenatal care and social support.
What are the nutritional needs for breastfeeding mothers?
Energy: +300-500 kcal/day.
Protein: +25 g/day.
Fluids: +1 L/day.
Higher needs for carbohydrates and essential fatty acids (EFAs).
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
For infants: Better immunity, reduced risk of infections/allergies, cognitive benefits.
For mothers: Assists with postpartum weight loss, reduces ovarian/breast cancer risk, enhances bonding.
How does breast milk compare to formula?
Breast milk: Contains antibodies, DHA, and enzymes for digestion.
Formula: Mimics nutrients in breast milk but lacks immune factors.
What are the nutritional needs of infants?
Exclusive breastfeeding/formula for 6 months.
High-fat diet for brain development.
Vitamin D supplement (10–20 μg/day).
When and how should solid foods be introduced?
At 6 months.
How: Start with iron-fortified cereals, then introduce pureed vegetables, fruits, and meats.
What are the challenges of breastfeeding?
Substance transmission through milk: Alcohol, caffeine, medications.
Medical issues: Low supply, mastitis, cleft palate in infants.
Social factors: Lack of support or misinformation.
