Chapter 9 Flashcards
Articulations
Fibrous joints have
no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue
Cartilaginous joints have
no joint cavity and occur where bones are joined by cartilage
Synovial joints have
a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid and the joint cavity separates the articulating surfaces of the bones. The articulating surfaces are enclosed within a connective tissue capsule and the bones are attached to each other by various ligaments.
Synarthrosis is
an immobile joint. Includes fibrous and cartilaginous types.
Amphiarthrosis is
a slightly mobile joint. Includes fibrous and cartilaginous types.
Diarthrosis is
a freely mobile joint. Includes all synovial joints.
The relationship between mobility and stability is
inverse
three main fibrous joints
gomphosis, suture, and syndesmosis.
Gomphosis
“peg in a socket”. The only gomphoses in the body are the teeth.
Sutures
are fibrous joints found between certain bones of the skull.
Syndesmosis
are fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined together by long strands of dense regular CT. The interosseous membrane is a syndesmosis joint
two types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses.
Synchondrosis
are when an articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.
Symphyses
contain a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones
three functions of synovial fluid
lubrication, nourishment for the chondrocytes, and shock absorption.
Bursae are
fibrous sacs that contain synovial fluid and are lined with synovial membrane. They are associated with most synovial joints where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons overlie and rib against. The bursae exist to alleviate friction from the movements of these objects.
Tendon sheaths are
elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon where there may be excessive friction. Found mainly in the wrist and ankle.
Uniaxial joints
if the bone moves in only one plane/axis
Biaxial joints
if the bone moves in two planes/axes
multi/triaxial joints
if the bone moves in all three planes/axes
Plane joint
Found within the intercarpal and intertarsal joints. Limited gliding motion.
Hinge joints allow
movement in one plane, like a hinge. Elbow, knee, fingers.
Pivot joint allows for
rotational motion along one plane. Rotation of the head or forearm.
Condylar joint
allows for movements within two planes. Flexion and extension of the “knuckles” and side to side movement of the fingers. Also in the radiocarpal joint (hand and wrist)
Saddle joints allow
movement in two planes with greater range of motion than other biaxial joints. Thumb allows for more controlled movement to grasp objects. “Opposable thumbs”
Ball and socket joints allow for
full range of motion in any plane. Hip and shoulder joint.
Gliding is a simple movement in which
two opposing surfaces slide back and forth or side to side of one another. Limited movement comes from gliding and occurs in plane joints.
Angular motion
either decreases or increases the angle between two bones.
flexion
decreases the angle
extension
increases the angle
abduction
moves away from the midline
adduction
moves toward the midline
Rotation is a
pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis.
medial rotation is
internal rotation toward the midline
lateral rotation is
external rotation away from the midline
in anatomic position, the forearm is
supinated
The joints associated with the shoulder are
sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and glenohumeral joint.
The sternoclavicular joint is
a saddle joint formed by articulations of the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle. A fibrocartilaginous articular disc partitions the joint into two parts and forms two separate synovial cavities.
The acromioclavicular joint is a
plane joint between the acromion of the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle.
The glenohumeral joint is a
ball and socket joint formed from articulations of the humeral head and glenoid cavity of the scapula. It allows for the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body, therefore it is the most unstable and most frequently dislocated.
stability of the glenohumeral joint comes from
rotator cuff muscles
Dislocation is a
joint injury where the articulating bones have separated, very common in the shoulder. It occurs mainly at the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints.
The elbow joint is made of two articulations
humeroulnar joint where the humerus articulates with the ulna, and the humeroradial joint where the humerus articulates with the radius. Both of these joints are enclosed by a single articular capsule.
The supporting ligaments of the elbow joint:
Radial/lateral collateral ligament which stabilizes the joint at its lateral surface
ulnar/medial collateral ligament which stabilizes the joint at its medial surface
Anular ligament that surrounds the neck of the radius and binds the proximal head of the radius to the ulna.
subluxation
incomplete dislocation
The hip joint, or coxal joint, is formed from
articulations between the femoral head and acetabulum of the os coxae. The hip joint has a much more extensive bony architecture, providing more stability than the glenohumeral joint (since it supports the weight of the body).
The knee joint is
composed of two separate articulations
tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint.
ACL prevents
hyperextension of the leg at the knee joint
PCL prevents
hyperflexion of the leg at the knee joint
Arthritis
is a rheumatic disease that involves damage to the articular cartilage
Gouty arthritis
occurs from an increase in blood uric acid levels leading to urate crystal deposition into the joints, typically the great toe.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a
chronic, degenerative joint condition, the wear-and-tear arthritis. Repeated use of a joint can lead to wearing down the articular cartilage, and bone can rub on bone.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is
an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joint tissues, beginning with the synovial membrane, leading to increased fluid and swelling.
