Chapter 9

Question 1

Fibrous joints have

Answer 1

no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

Question 2

Cartilaginous joints have

Answer 2

no joint cavity and occur where bones are joined by cartilage

Question 3

Synovial joints have

Answer 3

a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid and the joint cavity separates the articulating surfaces of the bones. The articulating surfaces are enclosed within a connective tissue capsule and the bones are attached to each other by various ligaments.

Question 4

Synarthrosis is

Answer 4

an immobile joint. Includes fibrous and cartilaginous types.

Question 5

Amphiarthrosis is

Answer 5

a slightly mobile joint. Includes fibrous and cartilaginous types.

Question 6

Diarthrosis is

Answer 6

a freely mobile joint. Includes all synovial joints.

Question 7

The relationship between mobility and stability is

Answer 7

inverse

Question 8

three main fibrous joints

Answer 8

gomphosis, suture, and syndesmosis.

Question 9

Gomphosis

Answer 9

“peg in a socket”. The only gomphoses in the body are the teeth.

Question 10

Sutures

Answer 10

are fibrous joints found between certain bones of the skull.

Question 11

Syndesmosis

Answer 11

are fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined together by long strands of dense regular CT. The interosseous membrane is a syndesmosis joint

Question 12

two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

synchondroses and symphyses.

Question 13

Synchondrosis

Answer 13

are when an articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.

Question 14

Symphyses

Answer 14

contain a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones

Question 15

three functions of synovial fluid

Answer 15

lubrication, nourishment for the chondrocytes, and shock absorption.

Question 16

Bursae are

Answer 16

fibrous sacs that contain synovial fluid and are lined with synovial membrane. They are associated with most synovial joints where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons overlie and rib against. The bursae exist to alleviate friction from the movements of these objects.

Question 17

Tendon sheaths are

Answer 17

elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon where there may be excessive friction. Found mainly in the wrist and ankle.

Question 18

Uniaxial joints

Answer 18

if the bone moves in only one plane/axis

Question 19

Biaxial joints

Answer 19

if the bone moves in two planes/axes

Question 20

multi/triaxial joints

Answer 20

if the bone moves in all three planes/axes

Question 21

Plane joint

Answer 21

Found within the intercarpal and intertarsal joints. Limited gliding motion.

Question 22

Hinge joints allow

Answer 22

movement in one plane, like a hinge. Elbow, knee, fingers.

Question 23

Pivot joint allows for

Answer 23

rotational motion along one plane. Rotation of the head or forearm.

Question 24

Condylar joint

Answer 24

allows for movements within two planes. Flexion and extension of the “knuckles” and side to side movement of the fingers. Also in the radiocarpal joint (hand and wrist)

Question 25

Saddle joints allow

Answer 25

movement in two planes with greater range of motion than other biaxial joints. Thumb allows for more controlled movement to grasp objects. “Opposable thumbs”

Question 26

Ball and socket joints allow for

Answer 26

full range of motion in any plane. Hip and shoulder joint.

Question 27

Gliding is a simple movement in which

Answer 27

two opposing surfaces slide back and forth or side to side of one another. Limited movement comes from gliding and occurs in plane joints.

Question 28

Angular motion

Answer 28

either decreases or increases the angle between two bones.

Question 29

flexion

Answer 29

decreases the angle

Question 30

extension

Answer 30

increases the angle

Question 31

abduction

Answer 31

moves away from the midline

Question 32

adduction

Answer 32

moves toward the midline

Question 33

Rotation is a

Answer 33

pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis.

Question 34

medial rotation is

Answer 34

internal rotation toward the midline

Question 35

lateral rotation is

Answer 35

external rotation away from the midline

Question 36

in anatomic position, the forearm is

Answer 36

supinated

Question 37

The joints associated with the shoulder are

Answer 37

sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and glenohumeral joint.

Question 38

The sternoclavicular joint is

Answer 38

a saddle joint formed by articulations of the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle. A fibrocartilaginous articular disc partitions the joint into two parts and forms two separate synovial cavities.

Question 39

The acromioclavicular joint is a

Answer 39

plane joint between the acromion of the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle.

Question 40

The glenohumeral joint is a

Answer 40

ball and socket joint formed from articulations of the humeral head and glenoid cavity of the scapula. It allows for the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body, therefore it is the most unstable and most frequently dislocated.

Question 41

stability of the glenohumeral joint comes from

Answer 41

rotator cuff muscles

Question 42

Dislocation is a

Answer 42

joint injury where the articulating bones have separated, very common in the shoulder. It occurs mainly at the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints.

Question 43

The elbow joint is made of two articulations

Answer 43

humeroulnar joint where the humerus articulates with the ulna, and the humeroradial joint where the humerus articulates with the radius. Both of these joints are enclosed by a single articular capsule.

Question 44

The supporting ligaments of the elbow joint:

Answer 44

Radial/lateral collateral ligament which stabilizes the joint at its lateral surface ulnar/medial collateral ligament which stabilizes the joint at its medial surface Anular ligament that surrounds the neck of the radius and binds the proximal head of the radius to the ulna.

Question 45

subluxation

Answer 45

incomplete dislocation

Question 46

The hip joint, or coxal joint, is formed from

Answer 46

articulations between the femoral head and acetabulum of the os coxae. The hip joint has a much more extensive bony architecture, providing more stability than the glenohumeral joint (since it supports the weight of the body).

Question 47

The knee joint is composed of two separate articulations

Answer 47

tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint.

Question 48

ACL prevents

Answer 48

hyperextension of the leg at the knee joint

Question 49

PCL prevents

Answer 49

hyperflexion of the leg at the knee joint

Question 50

Arthritis

Answer 50

is a rheumatic disease that involves damage to the articular cartilage

Question 51

Gouty arthritis

Answer 51

occurs from an increase in blood uric acid levels leading to urate crystal deposition into the joints, typically the great toe.

Question 52

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a

Answer 52

chronic, degenerative joint condition, the wear-and-tear arthritis. Repeated use of a joint can lead to wearing down the articular cartilage, and bone can rub on bone.

Question 53

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is

Answer 53

an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joint tissues, beginning with the synovial membrane, leading to increased fluid and swelling.