Chapter 2 Flashcards
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
1
Q
matter is
A
a substance that has mass and takes up space
2
Q
solids are
A
things that hold their shape without a container
3
Q
liquids are
A
things that hold their shape with a container
4
Q
gases are
A
things that have no shape, even with a container
5
Q
matter is composed of
A
atoms
6
Q
atoms are
A
the simplest whole particle
7
Q
atoms create
A
elements
8
Q
subatomic particles are found
A
within atoms
9
Q
three main subatomic particles are
A
protons
electrons
neutrons
10
Q
protons are _____ charged
A
positively
11
Q
electrons are _____ charged
A
negatively
12
Q
neutrons have a _____ charge
A
neutral
13
Q
neutrons provide what to an atom?
A
mass
14
Q
mass of an atom is expressed in
A
amu, atomic mass units
15
Q
the periodic table organizes
A
elements
16
Q
elements are organized on the periodic table by
A
mass, electronegativity, valence electron shell
17
Q
electronegativity on the periodic table increases when
A
traveling up and right along the table
18
Q
valence electrons are
A
the electrons on the outermost shell of the atom
19
Q
the number of valence electrons an atom has is the same as
A
the atom’s group number
20
Q
the octet rule applies to
A
valence electrons
21
Q
which elements represent the octet rule?
A
group 8, noble gases
22
Q
how many valence electrons does an atom want in its shell?
A
eight
23
Q
six major elements of the body
A
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus
24
Q
six minor elements of the body
A
sulfur
potassium
sodium
chlorine
magnesium
iron
25
isotopes are
atoms of the same elements with the same number of protons and electron, but different numbers of neutrons
26
radioisotopes are
isotopes that emit radioactive nuclei when they decay
27
the more neutrons an isotope has,
the more unstable it is and more radioactive
28
radioisotopes decay into
more stable versions of the isotope
29
physical half life is
the amount of time it takes 50% of the isotope to decay into its more stable isotope
30
biological half life is
the amount of time it takes half of the isotope to be eliminated from the body
31
half life calculation is important regarding
medication dosage and medical imaging
32
an ion is
an atom or group of atoms with an electric charge, either positive or negative
33
a cation is a
positively charged ion
34
an anion is a
negatively charged ion
35
five cations in the body
sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
hydrogen
36
three main anions in the body
chloride
bicarbonate
phosphate
37
how are ions formed? use NaCl as an example
When sodium and chloride meet to form sodium chloride (NaCl), table salt, sodium donates its single valence electron to chloride, which has seven. Chloride is more electronegative than sodium, which is why it attracts the electron more.
The addition of a negative charge to neutral elemental chloride gives it a -1 charge. The loss of a negative charge to neutral elemental sodium gives it a +1 charge.
38
polarity is
a trait of molecular bonds between atoms, based in electronegativity differences in these bonds
39
if a molecule is amphipathic
there are polar and nonpolar components in the same moelcule
39
if a molecule is polar
there is a large electronegativity difference between the bonds
39
if a molecule is nonpolar
there is small or no electronegativity difference between bonds
40
what is the polarity of water?
water is polar
40
the polar bonds in water produce
slightly positive and negative charges
40
the slight charges in water gives it the ability to
produce hydrogen bonds
41
each water molecule can create hydrogen bonds with _____ adjacent water molecules
four
42
four main roles of water in the body
transportation of molecules
lubrication to decrease friction
cushion
excretion of waste
43
solubility is
the degree to which a substance can be dissolved into another substance
44
solutes are
substances that are being dissolved
45
solvent is
the substance a solute is being dissolved in
46
a solution is
the creation of solute + solvent
47
general rule of solubility
like dissolves like
48
universal solvent is
water
49
hydrophobic exclusion is
a phenomena where the non polar molecules, when added to water, will tightly group together as far away from the water as possible
50
important amphipathic molecule in the body
phospholipids
51
ionic compounds _____ in water, producing ____
dissociate
ions
52
ions have the ability to
conduct electricty
53
primary ionic compound in the body
NaCl
54
electrolytes are
ions in the body that can conduct electricity
55
nonelectrolytes
are molecules that cannot conduct electricity
56
nonelectrolyte example
glucose
57
an acid is
a compound that dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion
58
a base is
a compound that accepts an H+ when added to water
59
a proton acceptor is a
base
59
a proton donor is an
acid
60
most bases will contain
OH-, hydroxide ion
61
pH is how
acidic or basic a solution is
62
pH measures
H+ concentration
63
pH is also known as
potential of hydrogen
64
pH scale is from
0 to 14
65
a pH of 1 would be
very acidic
66
a pH of 13 would be
very basic
67
the difference between each number on the pH scale is how many times different?
10x
68
pH of blood
7.35 to 7.45, average 7.4
69
why is blood slightly basic?
bicarbonate ion presence
70
how does blood maintain such a tight pH range?
buffer systems, specifically the bicarbonate buffer system
71
neutralization is when
an acidic or basic solution is made neutral at a pH of 7
72
acidosis is
when blood pH is less than 7.35
73
alkalosis is when
blood pH is greater than 7.45
74
why aren't buffers systems and neutralization the same?
buffer systems do not always result in a neutral pH, but work to maintain a specific pH range
75
bicarbonate buffer system chemical equation
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
carbon dioxide + water -> carbonic acid -> bicarbonate ion + hydrogen ion
75
biological macromolecules are
large organic molecule synthesized by the body, always containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
76
biological macromolecules may also contain
nitrogen, phopshorus, sulfur
77
hydrocarbons are
molecules that only contain hydrogen and carbon
78
hydrocarbon example
CH4, methane
79
hydrocarbons are always
nonpolar and hydrophobic
80
functional groups are
two or more atoms that always exhibit the same chemical characteristics when present on a molecule
81
functional group examples
-OH, hydroxyl
-COOH, carboxyl/carboxylic acid
-NH2, amine
- PO4 3-, phosphate
82
polymers are
molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers
83
a dimer is
two monomers bound together
84
polymer examples
glycogen, proteins
85
dehydration synthesis
when two monomers join to form a dimer and water is lost in the process
86
hydrolysis
when a dimer is broken into two monomers and water is used to break the dimer
87
lipids are
a group of fatty, hydrophobic molecules
88
four main types of lipids in the body
triglycerides - energy storage
phospholipids - cell structure
steroids - precursor to hormones
eicosanoids - inflammation and immune response
89
carbohydrates are
hydrated carbons
90
general chemical formula of carbohydrates
CH2On, n = number of carbons
91
monosaccharides are
the simplest carbohydrate
92
polysaccharides are
the most complex carbohydrate
93
most common monosaccharide
glucose
94
nucleic acids are
biological macromolecules within cells that store genetic information
95
DNA is
a double stranded nucleic acid with each stand containing repeating units of deoxyribonucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds. Each deoxyribonucleotide contains either thymine, guanine, adenine, or cytosine nitrogenous bases
96
RNA is
a single stranded nucleic acid formed by repeating units of ribonucleotides bound by phosphodiester bonds. Each ribonucleotide contains either uracil, guanine, adenine, or cytosine nitrogenous bases
97
uracil is specific to
RNA
98
thymine is specific to
DNA
99
DNA and RNA are composed of
nucleotide monomers
100
nucleotides have three components:
pentose sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base
101
six examples of protein function in the body
catalysis of reactions, through enzymes
structural support of cells
body movement
oxygen transport in the blood
membrane transport for molecules like glucose
immune protection, through antibodies
102
Proteins are polymers composed of
one or more linear strands of amino acid monomers
103
how many amino acids are there in the body that are used to form proteins?
20
104
what are the four structural hierachy of proteins?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
105
primary protein structure
single chains of peptide bonded amino acids with a carboxyl and amino terminal ends
106
secondary protein structure is characterized by
alpha helices and beta sheets
107
tertiary protein structure is
the final 3D shape by one protein chain
108
quaternary protein structure is
a structure of two or more proteins in 3D structure
109
denaturation is
when the conformation/structure of a protein is changed
110
what is the result of denaturation?
the biological activity of a protein ends or is disrupted
111
three ways denaturation can occur
extreme heat
extreme pH changes
addition of solvents
