Chapter 1 Flashcards
The Sciences of Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy is the study of?
structure and form of the body
Physiology is the study of?
the function of organisms
An anatomist studies:
the structure and form of organisms and the relationship between parts of the body and individual organs
a physiologist studies:
how organs and body systems function, under both normal and abnormal circumstances
what are the four main steps of the scientific method?
observation
hypothesis
experimentation
conclusion
two main subsections of anatomy
microscopic
gross
what is cytology?
cellular anatomy
what is histology?
anatomy of body tissues
systemic anatomy focuses on
anatomy of each body system
regional anatomy focuses on
all structures within a specific area
surface anatomy focuses on
superficial anatomic marking and internal structures that relate to the skin covering them
comparative anatomy compares and
contrasts anatomy in differing species
embryology is
anatomy of developmental changes during gestation
name two other specialized branches of anatomy
pathologic
radiographic
name a few subsections of physiology
cardiovascular
neurophysiology
respiratory
reproductive
what is pathophysiology?
the relationship between disease and organism function
why are anatomy and physiology integrated?
to understand function, you need an idea of its structure
it is more effective and efficient to cover both structure and function together than to separate them
six main characteristics that describe organisms
organization
metabolism
growth/development
responsiveness
regulation
reproduction
what are the six levels of organization of the body from simple to most complex
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal
what is tissue?
groups of similar cells that perform common functions
what is an organ?
two or more tissue types that work together to perform complex functions
give an example of an organ system
the digestive system
multiple related organs that work together and coordinate activities for a common function
eleven organ systems of the body
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary/renal
digestive
reproductive male and female
what are the three main characteristics of anatomic position
standing with both feet flat
arms at the sides with palms facing anteriorly/forward
head is level with eyes facing the observer
what are the four planes of the body?
coronal
midsagittal
transverse
oblique
coronal plane is also called
frontal
midsagittal plane is also called
median
coronal plane splits the body into
a front and back half
midsagittal plane splits the body into
a left and right half
transverse plane is also called
horizontal/cross sectional
the transverse plane splits the body into
a top and bottom half
the oblique plane is
a minor plane that cross through the body at an angle
list the twelve main anatomic directions
anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
medial
lateral
contralateral
ipsilateral
deep
superficial
proximal
distal
anterior and posterior are
front and back surfaces
superior and inferior are
closer to the head and closer to the feet
medial and lateral are
toward the midline of the body and away from the midline
ipsilateral and contralateral are
on the same side and on the opposite side
deep and superficial are
closer to the inside and closer to the outside
proximal and distal are
closer to the trunk/attachment point and farther from the trunk/attachment point
axial region is
head, neck, and trunk
appendicular region is
upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial region
characteristics of the posterior aspect
contains cavities that are encapsulated in bone
physically/developmentally different than the ventral cavity
the posterior aspect divides into
cranial cavity and vertebral canal
the cranial cavity contains the
brain
the vertebral canal contains the
spinal cord
charactersitics of the ventral cavity
larger and anteriorly placed
organs are not encapsulated in bone
subdivisions are lined by serous membranes
the ventral cavity is divided into
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
serous membranes form two layers, the
parietal and visceral layers
the parietal layer lines
the internal surface of the body wall
the visceral layer lines the
organs
serous membranes secrete _____ which is for ______
serous fluid
lubrication against friction
the mediastinum contains
heart and vessels
thymus
esophagus
trachea
on the left and right of the thoracic cavity there is
the lungs
the lungs have a serous membrane called
pleura
the parietal pleura lines
the internal surface of the thoracic wall
the visceral pleura lines
the external surface of each lung
the pleura cavity is
the space between parietal and visceral pleura and contains serous fluid
the abdominal cavity is located
superior to the pelvic brim
the abdominal cavity contains
most digestive organs, kidneys, and ureters
the pelvic cavity is located
inferior to the pelvic brim
the pelvic cavity contains
distal intestines
rest of ureters
bladder
reproductive organs
what are the nine regions of the abdomen
umbilical
epigastric
hypogastric
right and left hypochondriac
right and left lumbar
right and left iliac
the peritoneum is
serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity
what are the four quadrants of the abdomen
right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower
what is homeostasis?
the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to ever changing conditions
what is homeostasis often referred to as?
steady state
what are some things that require homeostasis?
body temp
heart rate
blood pressure
blood sugar levels
oxygenation of blood
what are the three parts of a homeostatic control system
a receptor
a control center
an effector
a homeostatic control system receptor does what?
detects a stimulus in the changing environment and sends signals to the control center
a homeostatic control system control center does what?
integrates and processes these signals and initiates change through the effector
a homeostatic control system effector does what?
brings change in response to a stimulus to restore homeostasis
homeostatic control systems are separated into two categories:
negative and positive feedback systems
homeostatic control systems are primarily regulated by
negative feedback
in negative feedback, the adjusting response will
always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus
examples of negative feedback control
heating a house
cruise control on a car
negative feedback systems fluctuate around
a set point
a set point is
a range of normal
in positive feedback, the adjusting response will
continue in the same direction as the stimulus until a climactic event
example of positive feedback control
childbirth and labor
what are the four characteristics of homeostatic systems
dynamic
control center is usually the brain or endocrine system
three components
regulated by negative or positive feedback
disease is due to
failure in homeostatic systems and result of homeostatic imbalance
disease can result from either
aging or damage to an organ system
