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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

The Sciences of Anatomy & Physiology

1
Q

Anatomy is the study of?

A

structure and form of the body

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2
Q

Physiology is the study of?

A

the function of organisms

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3
Q

An anatomist studies:

A

the structure and form of organisms and the relationship between parts of the body and individual organs

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4
Q

a physiologist studies:

A

how organs and body systems function, under both normal and abnormal circumstances

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5
Q

what are the four main steps of the scientific method?

A

observation
hypothesis
experimentation
conclusion

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6
Q

two main subsections of anatomy

A

microscopic
gross

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7
Q

what is cytology?

A

cellular anatomy

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8
Q

what is histology?

A

anatomy of body tissues

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9
Q

systemic anatomy focuses on

A

anatomy of each body system

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10
Q

regional anatomy focuses on

A

all structures within a specific area

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11
Q

surface anatomy focuses on

A

superficial anatomic marking and internal structures that relate to the skin covering them

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12
Q

comparative anatomy compares and

A

contrasts anatomy in differing species

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13
Q

embryology is

A

anatomy of developmental changes during gestation

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14
Q

name two other specialized branches of anatomy

A

pathologic
radiographic

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15
Q

name a few subsections of physiology

A

cardiovascular
neurophysiology
respiratory
reproductive

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16
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

the relationship between disease and organism function

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17
Q

why are anatomy and physiology integrated?

A

to understand function, you need an idea of its structure

it is more effective and efficient to cover both structure and function together than to separate them

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18
Q

six main characteristics that describe organisms

A

organization
metabolism
growth/development
responsiveness
regulation
reproduction

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19
Q

what are the six levels of organization of the body from simple to most complex

A

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal

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20
Q

what is tissue?

A

groups of similar cells that perform common functions

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21
Q

what is an organ?

A

two or more tissue types that work together to perform complex functions

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22
Q

give an example of an organ system

A

the digestive system
multiple related organs that work together and coordinate activities for a common function

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23
Q

eleven organ systems of the body

A

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary/renal
digestive
reproductive male and female

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24
Q

what are the three main characteristics of anatomic position

A

standing with both feet flat
arms at the sides with palms facing anteriorly/forward
head is level with eyes facing the observer

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25
Q

what are the four planes of the body?

A

coronal
midsagittal
transverse
oblique

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26
Q

coronal plane is also called

A

frontal

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27
Q

midsagittal plane is also called

A

median

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28
Q

coronal plane splits the body into

A

a front and back half

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29
Q

midsagittal plane splits the body into

A

a left and right half

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30
Q

transverse plane is also called

A

horizontal/cross sectional

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31
Q

the transverse plane splits the body into

A

a top and bottom half

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32
Q

the oblique plane is

A

a minor plane that cross through the body at an angle

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33
Q

list the twelve main anatomic directions

A

anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
medial
lateral
contralateral
ipsilateral
deep
superficial
proximal
distal

34
Q

anterior and posterior are

A

front and back surfaces

35
Q

superior and inferior are

A

closer to the head and closer to the feet

36
Q

medial and lateral are

A

toward the midline of the body and away from the midline

37
Q

ipsilateral and contralateral are

A

on the same side and on the opposite side

38
Q

deep and superficial are

A

closer to the inside and closer to the outside

39
Q

proximal and distal are

A

closer to the trunk/attachment point and farther from the trunk/attachment point

40
Q

axial region is

A

head, neck, and trunk

41
Q

appendicular region is

A

upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial region

42
Q

characteristics of the posterior aspect

A

contains cavities that are encapsulated in bone
physically/developmentally different than the ventral cavity

43
Q

the posterior aspect divides into

A

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

44
Q

the cranial cavity contains the

A

brain

44
Q

the vertebral canal contains the

A

spinal cord

45
Q

charactersitics of the ventral cavity

A

larger and anteriorly placed
organs are not encapsulated in bone
subdivisions are lined by serous membranes

46
Q

the ventral cavity is divided into

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

47
Q

serous membranes form two layers, the

A

parietal and visceral layers

48
Q

the parietal layer lines

A

the internal surface of the body wall

49
Q

the visceral layer lines the

A

organs

50
Q

serous membranes secrete _____ which is for ______

A

serous fluid
lubrication against friction

51
Q

the mediastinum contains

A

heart and vessels
thymus
esophagus
trachea

52
Q

on the left and right of the thoracic cavity there is

A

the lungs

53
Q

the lungs have a serous membrane called

A

pleura

54
Q

the parietal pleura lines

A

the internal surface of the thoracic wall

55
Q

the visceral pleura lines

A

the external surface of each lung

56
Q

the pleura cavity is

A

the space between parietal and visceral pleura and contains serous fluid

57
Q

the abdominal cavity is located

A

superior to the pelvic brim

58
Q

the abdominal cavity contains

A

most digestive organs, kidneys, and ureters

59
Q

the pelvic cavity is located

A

inferior to the pelvic brim

60
Q

the pelvic cavity contains

A

distal intestines
rest of ureters
bladder
reproductive organs

61
Q

what are the nine regions of the abdomen

A

umbilical
epigastric
hypogastric
right and left hypochondriac
right and left lumbar
right and left iliac

61
Q

the peritoneum is

A

serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

62
Q

what are the four quadrants of the abdomen

A

right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower

63
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to ever changing conditions

64
Q

what is homeostasis often referred to as?

A

steady state

65
Q

what are some things that require homeostasis?

A

body temp
heart rate
blood pressure
blood sugar levels
oxygenation of blood

66
Q

what are the three parts of a homeostatic control system

A

a receptor
a control center
an effector

67
Q

a homeostatic control system receptor does what?

A

detects a stimulus in the changing environment and sends signals to the control center

68
Q

a homeostatic control system control center does what?

A

integrates and processes these signals and initiates change through the effector

69
Q

a homeostatic control system effector does what?

A

brings change in response to a stimulus to restore homeostasis

70
Q

homeostatic control systems are separated into two categories:

A

negative and positive feedback systems

71
Q

homeostatic control systems are primarily regulated by

A

negative feedback

72
Q

in negative feedback, the adjusting response will

A

always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus

73
Q

examples of negative feedback control

A

heating a house
cruise control on a car

74
Q

negative feedback systems fluctuate around

A

a set point

75
Q

a set point is

A

a range of normal

76
Q

in positive feedback, the adjusting response will

A

continue in the same direction as the stimulus until a climactic event

77
Q

example of positive feedback control

A

childbirth and labor

78
Q

what are the four characteristics of homeostatic systems

A

dynamic
control center is usually the brain or endocrine system
three components
regulated by negative or positive feedback

79
Q

disease is due to

A

failure in homeostatic systems and result of homeostatic imbalance

80
Q

disease can result from either

A

aging or damage to an organ system

Anatomy & Physiology I (16 decks)

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