Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy is the study of?

Answer 1

structure and form of the body

Question 2

Physiology is the study of?

Answer 2

the function of organisms

Question 3

An anatomist studies:

Answer 3

the structure and form of organisms and the relationship between parts of the body and individual organs

Question 4

a physiologist studies:

Answer 4

how organs and body systems function, under both normal and abnormal circumstances

Question 5

what are the four main steps of the scientific method?

Answer 5

observation
hypothesis
experimentation
conclusion

Question 6

two main subsections of anatomy

Answer 6

microscopic
gross

Question 7

what is cytology?

Answer 7

cellular anatomy

Question 8

what is histology?

Answer 8

anatomy of body tissues

Question 9

systemic anatomy focuses on

Answer 9

anatomy of each body system

Question 10

regional anatomy focuses on

Answer 10

all structures within a specific area

Question 11

surface anatomy focuses on

Answer 11

superficial anatomic marking and internal structures that relate to the skin covering them

Question 12

comparative anatomy compares and

Answer 12

contrasts anatomy in differing species

Question 13

embryology is

Answer 13

anatomy of developmental changes during gestation

Question 14

name two other specialized branches of anatomy

Answer 14

pathologic
radiographic

Question 15

name a few subsections of physiology

Answer 15

cardiovascular
neurophysiology
respiratory
reproductive

Question 16

what is pathophysiology?

Answer 16

the relationship between disease and organism function

Question 17

why are anatomy and physiology integrated?

Answer 17

to understand function, you need an idea of its structure

it is more effective and efficient to cover both structure and function together than to separate them

Question 18

six main characteristics that describe organisms

Answer 18

organization
metabolism
growth/development
responsiveness
regulation
reproduction

Question 19

what are the six levels of organization of the body from simple to most complex

Answer 19

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal

Question 20

what is tissue?

Answer 20

groups of similar cells that perform common functions

Question 21

what is an organ?

Answer 21

two or more tissue types that work together to perform complex functions

Question 22

give an example of an organ system

Answer 22

the digestive system
multiple related organs that work together and coordinate activities for a common function

Question 23

eleven organ systems of the body

Answer 23

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary/renal
digestive
reproductive male and female

Question 24

what are the three main characteristics of anatomic position

Answer 24

standing with both feet flat
arms at the sides with palms facing anteriorly/forward
head is level with eyes facing the observer

Question 25

what are the four planes of the body?

Answer 25

coronal midsagittal transverse oblique

Question 26

coronal plane is also called

Answer 26

frontal

Question 27

midsagittal plane is also called

Answer 27

median

Question 28

coronal plane splits the body into

Answer 28

a front and back half

Question 29

midsagittal plane splits the body into

Answer 29

a left and right half

Question 30

transverse plane is also called

Answer 30

horizontal/cross sectional

Question 31

the transverse plane splits the body into

Answer 31

a top and bottom half

Question 32

the oblique plane is

Answer 32

a minor plane that cross through the body at an angle

Question 33

list the twelve main anatomic directions

Answer 33

anterior posterior superior inferior medial lateral contralateral ipsilateral deep superficial proximal distal

Question 34

anterior and posterior are

Answer 34

front and back surfaces

Question 35

superior and inferior are

Answer 35

closer to the head and closer to the feet

Question 36

medial and lateral are

Answer 36

toward the midline of the body and away from the midline

Question 37

ipsilateral and contralateral are

Answer 37

on the same side and on the opposite side

Question 38

deep and superficial are

Answer 38

closer to the inside and closer to the outside

Question 39

proximal and distal are

Answer 39

closer to the trunk/attachment point and farther from the trunk/attachment point

Question 40

axial region is

Answer 40

head, neck, and trunk

Question 41

appendicular region is

Answer 41

upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial region

Question 42

characteristics of the posterior aspect

Answer 42

contains cavities that are encapsulated in bone physically/developmentally different than the ventral cavity

Question 43

the posterior aspect divides into

Answer 43

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Question 44

the cranial cavity contains the

Answer 44

brain

Question 44

the vertebral canal contains the

Answer 44

spinal cord

Question 45

charactersitics of the ventral cavity

Answer 45

larger and anteriorly placed organs are not encapsulated in bone subdivisions are lined by serous membranes

Question 46

the ventral cavity is divided into

Answer 46

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Question 47

serous membranes form two layers, the

Answer 47

parietal and visceral layers

Question 48

the parietal layer lines

Answer 48

the internal surface of the body wall

Question 49

the visceral layer lines the

Answer 49

organs

Question 50

serous membranes secrete _____ which is for ______

Answer 50

serous fluid lubrication against friction

Question 51

the mediastinum contains

Answer 51

heart and vessels thymus esophagus trachea

Question 52

on the left and right of the thoracic cavity there is

Answer 52

the lungs

Question 53

the lungs have a serous membrane called

Answer 53

pleura

Question 54

the parietal pleura lines

Answer 54

the internal surface of the thoracic wall

Question 55

the visceral pleura lines

Answer 55

the external surface of each lung

Question 56

the pleura cavity is

Answer 56

the space between parietal and visceral pleura and contains serous fluid

Question 57

the abdominal cavity is located

Answer 57

superior to the pelvic brim

Question 58

the abdominal cavity contains

Answer 58

most digestive organs, kidneys, and ureters

Question 59

the pelvic cavity is located

Answer 59

inferior to the pelvic brim

Question 60

the pelvic cavity contains

Answer 60

distal intestines rest of ureters bladder reproductive organs

Question 61

what are the nine regions of the abdomen

Answer 61

umbilical epigastric hypogastric right and left hypochondriac right and left lumbar right and left iliac

Question 61

the peritoneum is

Answer 61

serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 62

what are the four quadrants of the abdomen

Answer 62

right upper left upper right lower left lower

Question 63

what is homeostasis?

Answer 63

the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to ever changing conditions

Question 64

what is homeostasis often referred to as?

Answer 64

steady state

Question 65

what are some things that require homeostasis?

Answer 65

body temp heart rate blood pressure blood sugar levels oxygenation of blood

Question 66

what are the three parts of a homeostatic control system

Answer 66

a receptor a control center an effector

Question 67

a homeostatic control system receptor does what?

Answer 67

detects a stimulus in the changing environment and sends signals to the control center

Question 68

a homeostatic control system control center does what?

Answer 68

integrates and processes these signals and initiates change through the effector

Question 69

a homeostatic control system effector does what?

Answer 69

brings change in response to a stimulus to restore homeostasis

Question 70

homeostatic control systems are separated into two categories:

Answer 70

negative and positive feedback systems

Question 71

homeostatic control systems are primarily regulated by

Answer 71

negative feedback

Question 72

in negative feedback, the adjusting response will

Answer 72

always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus

Question 73

examples of negative feedback control

Answer 73

heating a house cruise control on a car

Question 74

negative feedback systems fluctuate around

Answer 74

a set point

Question 75

a set point is

Answer 75

a range of normal

Question 76

in positive feedback, the adjusting response will

Answer 76

continue in the same direction as the stimulus until a climactic event

Question 77

example of positive feedback control

Answer 77

childbirth and labor

Question 78

what are the four characteristics of homeostatic systems

Answer 78

dynamic control center is usually the brain or endocrine system three components regulated by negative or positive feedback

Question 79

disease is due to

Answer 79

failure in homeostatic systems and result of homeostatic imbalance

Question 80

disease can result from either

Answer 80

aging or damage to an organ system