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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

iology of the Cell

1
Q

the plasma membrane forms

A

the outer layer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the interstitial fluid

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2
Q

the nucleus is

A

the largest structure in the cell, enclosed by a nuclear envelope
contains DNA and nucleolus and nucleoplasm

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3
Q

cytoplasm is

A

general term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus
consists of cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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4
Q

cytosol is also called

A

intracellular fluid, contains many ions

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5
Q

membrane bound organelles are

A

enclosed by a membrane similar to the plasma membrane

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6
Q

non membrane bound organelles examples

A

ribosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton

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7
Q

inclusions are

A

clusters of a single type of molecule, like melanin or glycogen

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8
Q

three general functions of the cell

A

maintenance/integrity of cell shape
obtaining nutrients/synthesis of nutrients
disposal of waste

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9
Q

three main lipids of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids

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10
Q

phospholipids are

A

the majority of lipids in the plasma membrane, amphipathic

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11
Q

phospholipids create the

A

bilayer framework of the plasma membrane

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12
Q

cholesterol is

A

a four ring lipid that is scattered throughout the inner hydrophobic region of the bilayer

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13
Q

cholesterol function in the plasma membrane

A

stabilization and strengthening at extreme temperatures

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14
Q

glycolipids are

A

lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

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15
Q

glycolipids create the

A

glycocalyx

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16
Q

the glycocalyx does what?

A

creates a fuzzy coating around each cell, providing stability of the cellular environment

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17
Q

two categories of plasma membrane proteins

A

integral and peripheral

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18
Q

integral proteins are

A

embedded within and extend completely across the bilayer

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19
Q

many integral proteins are

A

glycoproteins

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20
Q

peripheral proteins are

A

not embedded in the bilayer but are attached loosely to either external or internal surfaces of the membrane

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21
Q

transport protein function

A

regulation of movement of substances across the plasma membrane

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22
Q

cell surface receptors function

A

bind specific molecules called ligands to activate a response

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23
Q

identity markers function

A

communication with other cells that they are not foreign

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24
Q

enzymes function

A

catalysts

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25
Q

anchoring sites function

A

securing the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane

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26
Q

cell adhesion proteins function

A

cell to cell attachment, binding cells together

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27
Q

diffusion is

A

the movement of ions or molecules down their concentration gradient

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28
Q

where does diffusion get energy from?

A

kinetic energy of molecules moving along their concentration gradient

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29
Q

is diffusion active or passive?

A

passive

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30
Q

three important characteristics of diffusion?

A

dependent on a concentration gradient
involves the spreading out of ions/molecules
can reach equilibrium if unopposed

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31
Q

two main forms of diffusion

A

simple and facilitated

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32
Q

simple diffusion allows for

A

small and nonpolar molecules to move in or out of the cell along their conc. gradient

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33
Q

facilitated diffusion allows

A

small solutes that are charged ion or polar to move through the plasma membrane assisted by proteins

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34
Q

how is simple diffusion controlled?

A

concentration gradient only

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35
Q

two forms of facilitated diffusion

A

channel mediated
carrier mediated

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36
Q

channel mediated diffusion allows

A

movement of small ions across the plasma membrane through water filled protein channels

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37
Q

channels for channel mediated diffusion are either

A

gated or leak channel

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38
Q

carrier mediated diffusion allows

A

polar molecules to cross the plasma membrane down their conc. gradient

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39
Q

how are carrier proteins named?

A

how many substances they transport
uniporter example

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40
Q

leak channels are _____ open/closed?

A

always open

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41
Q

gated channels are ____ open/closed?

A

closed usually and open in response to a stimulus

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42
Q

osmosis is

A

a form of passive transport where water moves passively along its conc. gradient through a semipermeable membrane

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43
Q

how is water movement controlled in the cells when osmosis is a passive process?

A

aquaporins, protein channels for water movement

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44
Q

osmosis general rule
______ follows ______

A

water follows solutes

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45
Q

osmotic pressure is

A

the pressure exerted by the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

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46
Q

tonicity is

A

the ability of a solution to change the volume/pressure of the cell by osmosis

47
Q

in an isotonic solution, there is

A

no net movement of water, it is at equilibrium with the cell

48
Q

in a hypotonic solution, there is

A

increased movement of water into the cell because the water concentration is lower inside the cell

49
Q

in a hypertonic solution, there is

A

increased movement of water out of the cell because the concentration of water is lower outside of the cell

50
Q

extreme hypotonic solutions can cause

A

lysis of the cell

51
Q

extreme hypertonic solutions can cause

A

dehydration of cells

52
Q

active transport is

A

the movement of a solute aganist its conc. gradient across a membrane

53
Q

active transport requires

A

energy

54
Q

two forms of active transport

A

primary and secondary

55
Q

primary active transport receives energy from

A

ATP breakdown

56
Q

secondary active transport uses the energy

A

of a molecule traveling down its concentration gradient to give energy to move another molecule against its concentration gradient

57
Q

what is phosphorylation in terms of primary active transport

A

when ATP is broken down, it provides a phosphate group added to the membrane protein

58
Q

Secondary active transport is also called

A

cotransport or coupled transport

59
Q

example of primary active transport

A

NaK ATPase

60
Q

secondary active transport example - symport

A

Na glucose symporter

61
Q

secondary active transport example - antiport

A

Na H+ antiporter

62
Q

vesicular transport involves

A

vesicles, membrane bound sacs filled with various fluids

63
Q

vesicular transports allows for

A

transport of large molecules or large amounts of molecules across the plasma membrane

64
Q

two forms of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

65
Q

exocytosis is

A

where large substances/volumes are secreted from/out of the cell

66
Q

endocytosis is where

A

large substances/volume are transported into the cell from the external environment

67
Q

vesicular transport is also called

A

bulk transport

68
Q

three types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor mediated endocytosis

69
Q

organelles are

A

organs of the cell

70
Q

two types of organelles

A

membrane bound and non membrane bound

71
Q

five membrane bound organelles

A

endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
golgi appartatus
lysosome
peroxisome
mitochondria

72
Q

four non membrane bound organelles

A

ribosomes
centrosome
proteasome
cytoskeleton

73
Q

three structures on the cell surface

A

cilia
flagella
microvilli

74
Q

dna is

A

a nucleic acid molecule made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides

75
Q

smooth and rough ER functions

A

Rough ER function: synthesis of proteins, modification and storage of proteins, vesicle formation
Smooth ER function: synthesis of lipids (steroids), carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and vesicle formation

76
Q

why are smooth and rough ER different

A

rough ER has attached ribosomes

77
Q

golgi appartatus function

A

synthesis of proteoglycans, modifies and stores proteins from the rough ER, forms digestive enzymes for lysosomes, vesicle formation

78
Q

lysosome function

A

digestion of unwanted/unneeded biological macromolecules. Lysosomes also participate in autophagy and autolysis, digestion of the cell when it is damaged or dies.

79
Q

peroxisome function

A

breakdown of molecules and producing hydrogen peroxide during the process, synthesis of specific lipid types

80
Q

mitochondria function

A

cellular respiration, ATP production. Also contain their own DNA, mtDNA, which is passed down maternally

81
Q

ribosome function

A

protein synthesis

82
Q

centrosome function

A

organizing microtubules within the cytoskeleton and assisting in cellular division

83
Q

proteasome function

A

digestion of marked proteins. Proteins will be marked with ubiquitin for digestion which is recognized by the proteasome. Digestion fragments are recycled within the cell. Known as the “protein garbage disposal”

84
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

structural support of the cell, assistance in cell division, cellular movement (muscle contraction)

85
Q

cilia function

A

movement of certain substances. Examples: mucus in the lungs to the throat. Female oocyte (egg) in the fallopian tube, moves toward the uterus after fertilization

86
Q

flagella function

A

cellular movement. They are more common in microorganisms like bacteria, there is only one human cell with flagella; sperm cells. The flagella is used to move the sperm cell toward the human egg cell.

87
Q

microvilli function

A

not movement related, used to increase surface area in locations for nutrient absorption (small intestine)

88
Q

the human cell contains how many pairs of DNA molecules, chromosomes?

A

23 pairs, 46 total molecules

89
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

90
Q

the cell control center is

A

nucleus

91
Q

transcription is

A

the process of DNA being “read” to produce a new strand of RNA.

92
Q

RNA nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine

93
Q

three functional forms of RNA

A

messenger
transfer
ribosomal

94
Q

a start codon:

A

always contains the three bases AUG, and codes for methionine amino acid, signaling the start of translation

95
Q

translation is

A

when RNA is read to synthesize proteins

96
Q

stop codons:

A

either UAA, UAG, or UGA. these do not code for an amino acid and signal for translation to cease

97
Q

two major cell cycle phases

A

interphase and mitotic

98
Q

interphase breaks down into

A

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

99
Q

mitotic phase breaks down into

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

100
Q

G1 phase is for

A

growth and preparation for DNA replication

101
Q

S phase is for

A

DNA replication stage (also called synthesis stage)

102
Q

G2 phase is for

A

growth and preparation for DNA division

103
Q

mitosis consists of

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

104
Q

cytokinesis is

A

the division of cellular cytoplasm into two cells.

105
Q

what occurs during prophase?

A

chromatin becomes supercoiled so chromosomes are movable and don’t tangle.
The nucleolus breaks down and disappears and centrioles are moved toward opposite poles of the cell. The nuclear envelope begins to break down at the end of this stage.

106
Q

what occurs during metaphase?

A

spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes and pull to align chromosomes at the equatorial plate of the cell.

107
Q

what occurs during anaphase?

A

ister chromatids are separated by spindle fibers and moved to opposite ends of the cell. Cytokinesis begins.

108
Q

what occurs during telophase?

A

chromosomes uncoil to chromatin, the nucleolus reforms, a new nuclear envelope forms around the new cells, and cytokinesis continues.

109
Q

during cytokinesis

A

the nuclear envelope is closed fully around the two new daughter cells and they are cleaved from each other.

110
Q

apoptosis is

A

is the process of programmed, intentional cell death. It occurs in an orderly, well-defined and continuous process to destroy and remove cellular components as needed.

111
Q

apoptosis is intitiated by

A

ligand-receptor signaling, in which inactive, self-destructive enzymes within the cytosol are turned on and initiate a series of actions.

112
Q

six apoptotic actions

A

Destruction of DNA polymerase
Digestion of the DNA into small fragments
Digestion of the cytoskeleton
Formation of small, irregular blebs on the plasma membrane
Condensation of the cytosol and destruction of organelles
Release of proteins within mitochondria and activating specific digestive enzymes in cytosol

113
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology I (16 decks)

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