Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy & physiology i > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Integumentary System

1
Q

The integument (skin) is the

A

largest organ of the body composed of all the tissue types that function to protect the internal structures of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The skin accounts for ____ of the total body weight.

A

7-8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The skin consists of two distinct layers:

A

Epidermis
Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

epidermis is made of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

dermis is made of

A

both areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

under the dermis lies the

A

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hypodermis is made of

A

both areolar and adipose connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

five layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which layers of the epidermis are made of living cells?

A

Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is thick skin found?

A

palms of hands
soles of feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

three cell types that reside in the stratum basale?

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

keratinocyte stem cell function

A

divide to replace dead keratinocytes that are shed from the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does keratin do for the skin?

A

provides water resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

melanocyte function

A

store and produce melanin in response to UV light to protect DNA from damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

merkel cell function

A

tactile cells that are sensitive to touch and release chemicals that act on nerves to send touch impulses to the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum layer are

A

highly specialized and do not continue cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

specialty cell that resides in the stratum spinosum

A

epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

langerhans cell function

A

help to provide immune protection for the epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cells are not fully keratinized until

A

they reach the superficial most layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fully keratinized cells have

A

no nucleus or organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is keratinization?

A

where the cells begin synthesis of large amounts of keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does keratinization lead to?

A

disintegration of the nucleus and organelles, leading to cell death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where does keratinization occur in the epidermis?

A

stratum granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The stratum lucidum is a (color)

A

clear, thin layer roughly 2-3 keratinocytes thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where does the translucency of the stratum lucidum come from?

A

protein eledin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the stratum corneum is the

A

most superficial layer of the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the stratum corneum consists of

A

20 to 30 layers of dead, interlocking, keratinized cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

keratinized cells of the stratum corneum are also considered

A

cornified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

thick skin contains

A

all five layers of epidermal tissue and has sweat glands (no hair follicles or oil glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

thin skin contains

A

4 epidermal layers sweat glands, hair follicles, and oil (sebaceous) glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

three molecules that contribute to skin color

A

hemoglobin, melanin, and carotene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

hemoglobin is ____ and does what?

A

a protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen, and upon binding, it exhibits a bright red color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

two forms of melanin

A

eumelanin
pheomelanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

eumelanin produces

A

shades of brown and black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

pheomelanin produces

A

lighter shades of tan, yellow, and red.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

carotene is ____ and comes from where?

A

yellow-orange pigment that is acquired from similar colored vegetables like carrots, corn, and squashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

one example of the many forms of carotene

A

beta-carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how is skin color influenced?

A

genetics and UV exposure of the skin. These affect the color of melanin and melanocyte activity, affecting skin color.

everyone has roughly the same number of melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Albinism is

A

an inherited condition where the enzyme tyrosinase (to produce melanin) is nonfunctional, therefore no melanin is produced from melanocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Nevus/nevi are

A

harmless, localized overgrowth of melanocytes. Rarely, moles can become cancerous resulting from excessive UV exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Freckles are

A

spots that represent localized areas of increased melanocyte activity, not an increase in melanocyte quantity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Hemangiomas are

A

anomalies that result in skin discoloration from blood vessels that proliferate and form a benign tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Individuals with albinism have

A

white hair, pale skin, and pink irises of the eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Capillary hemangiomas are

A

present at birth and disappear into childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

cavernous hemangiomas may

A

last a lifetime

47
Q

Since no melanin is produced in albinism, what risks are there for affected individuals?

A

skin cancer
photophobia

48
Q

the dermis contains mainly which protein fiber?

A

collagen

49
Q

Dendritic cells are

A

cells found in the dermis and serve the same immune protection as epidermal dendritic cells

50
Q

The dermis is divided into two layer

A

papillary and reticular

51
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis sits

A

directly under the epidermis and on top of the reticular layer

52
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of

A

areolar connective tissue.

53
Q

what is the papillary layer named atfer?

A

dermal papillae projections that interconnect with the epidermal ridges of the epidermis.

54
Q

where does the epidermis receive blood supply and nutrients?

A

dermal papilla blood vessels

55
Q

The reticular layer consists of

A

dense irregular connective tissue with large collagen fibers that extend in all directions.

56
Q

reticular layer fibers are interwoven into

A

a meshwork that surrounds hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, nerves, and blood vessels.

57
Q

in areas of the hypodermis where adipose connective tissue is dominant, it is called

A

subcutaneous fat.

58
Q

The hypodermis acts as

A

cushion and protection to structures underneath, energy storage, and thermal insulation.

59
Q

Subcutaneous drug injection is often used due

A

to the vascularity of the hypodermis, allowing for rapid uptake of drugs

60
Q

what will influence thickness and distribution of subcutaneous fat?

A

Sex hormones

Testosterone - neck, upper arms, abdomen, lower back, and butt.
Estrogen/progesterone - thicker overall and accumulates in mammary regions, butt, hips, and thighs.

61
Q

eight main functions of the integument

A

protection from environment

water control

vitamin D synthesis

secretion

absorption

temperature regulation

immune function

sensory function

62
Q

Dehydration is a huge risk in extreme burn victims because?

A

Large amounts of water is lost when there is no skin barrier to help seal it in.

63
Q

transdermal administration occurs because?

A

the skin is selectively permeable and some substances can pass through

64
Q

transdermal drug administration allows for?

A

continuous, slow release of the drug.

65
Q

two main epidermal derived structures

A

nails and hair

66
Q

nails are

A

modifications of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis

67
Q

nails provide

A

protection of the distal tips of the fingers and toes, along with assistance in grasping objects.

68
Q

hair functions

A

protection, heat retention, sensory reception, and visual identification (age)

69
Q

The nail bed contains

A

living epidermal cells.

70
Q

The nail body is darker and pinker from ______, while the lunula is whiter from

A

underlying blood vessels

the stratum basale layer obscuring the vessels.

71
Q

A single hair is called

A

pilus, composed of keratinized cells (dead)

72
Q

Three forms of hair

A

lanugo
vellus
terminal hair

73
Q

lanugo is

A

fine, unpigmented hair that grows during the third trimester of fetal development

74
Q

Terminal hair comes in on

A

scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes

75
Q

vellus is

A

lightly pigmented and also remains on the upper and lower limbs

also replaces lanugo

76
Q

Terminal hair replaces

A

vellus hair of the axillary and pubic regions

77
Q

Arrector pili is the

A

smooth muscle associated with the hair shaft and contracts under states of emotion (fear/rage) or cold temperatures (goosebumps)

78
Q

Hair color is determined by

A

melanin synthesized in the matrix adjacent to the hair papilla.

79
Q

Hair growth stages

A

Anagen phase is the active growth phase of hair where living cells in the bulb are growing and dividing

Catagen phase is a regression period where cell division stops and the follicle shrinks

Telogen phase is the resting phase and when hair is shed

80
Q

when is hair loss abnormal?

A

more than 100 hairs lost per day

81
Q

Alopecia

A

autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the hair follicles, causing baldness

82
Q

Male pattern baldness

A

genetic/hormonal, hair is lost from the crown of the head

83
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive terminal hair growth in areas without terminal hair (usually from testosterone levels being high from PCOS)

84
Q

The two most common exocrine glands of the skin are

A

sweat and sebaceous glands.

85
Q

There are two forms of sweat glands

A

merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine

86
Q

myoepithelial cells of sweat glands contract in

A

response to nervous system signals and discharge their contents.

87
Q

Myoepithelial cells are

A

specialized epithelial cells that have contractile proteins found in muscle.

88
Q

a sweat pore is

A

The opening on the epidermal surface

89
Q

Merocrine sweat glands are the most

A

numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body, with the primary function of thermoregulation.

90
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are found in the

A

axillary region, mammary region around the nipples, pubic region, and anal region

91
Q

Apocrine sweat glands become active

A

around puberty.

These glands are associated with body odor as the secretions produced contain proteins and lipids that are acted on by bacteria which create this odor.

92
Q

Sebaceous glands are

A

holocrine glands that produce sebum

93
Q

Sebum acts as a

A

lubricant to protect the hair and skin from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked. Sebum also has antibacterial properties.

93
Q

Sebum is a

A

waxy, oily secretion that is discharged into a hair follicle and onto the hair shaft.

94
Q

Sebum secretion is stimulated and influenced by

A

sex hormones and production is low in childhood, but always activated in puberty.

95
Q

other glands of the integument that are specialized and localized to one area

A

ceruminous glands and mammary glands.

96
Q

Ceruminous glands are

A

modified apocrine sweat glands located in the external ear canal and produce a waterproof secretion called cerumen.

97
Q

Cerumen acts as a

A

lubricant for the external ear and sticky trap against foreign particles and small insects.

98
Q

Mammary glands are

A

modified apocrine sweat glands found in both males and females.

99
Q

Mammary glands become active and functional in

A

pregnant and lactating females

100
Q

mammary glands produce

A

breast milk

101
Q

Damaged tissues repair either through

A

regeneration or fibrosis.

102
Q

Regeneration is

A

the replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type by cell division. Regeneration will restore tissue function.

103
Q

When the tissue is too damaged or the cells cannot divide

A

fibrosis occurs, a process of scar tissue deposition, which binds the damaged parts together. Scar tissue is a fibrous form of connective tissue. While the structural aspect of the area can be restored, the function is not.

104
Q

Regeneration process:

A

Cut blood vessels result in blood release into the wound, bringing clotting proteins, white blood cells, and antibodies.

A blood clot forms and temporarily patches the edges of the wound together and acts as a barrier to keep pathogens out

The cut blood vessels regenerate and grow in the wound, creating granulation tissue. Macrophages begin removing the clotted blood and fibroblasts in the dermis produce new collagen fibers.

Epithelial regeneration occurs at the skin surface and these cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the scab (superficial remains of the clot), and connective tissue is replaced by fibrosis.

105
Q

some skin changes in middle age and their physiological cause

A

wrinkles, crease lines, thinner hair/baldness, thinner skin (from decreased epidermal activity)

Skin repair begins to take longer as cell activity has decreased, collagen fibers decrease, and elastic fibers lose their elasticity.

106
Q

Overexposure to UV rays can cause

A

DNA damage and accelerate aging, along with increasing DNA mutations, leading to skin cancer

107
Q

Basal cell carcinoma is

A

the most common skin cancer but least dangerous as it rarely spreads in the body

108
Q

Basal cell carcinoma usually occurs on

A

the face

109
Q

basal cell carcinoma starts in the

A

stratum basale

110
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma forms from

A

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

111
Q

Malignant melanoma is

A

the most dangerous form of skin cancer due to its rapid spread and metastasis to other areas in the body

112
Q

Malignant melanoma arises from

A

melanocytes in a pre-existing mole

113
Q
A

anatomy & physiology i (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions