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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Tissue Organization

1
Q

epithelial tissue (epithelium) is composed of

A

one or more layers of closely packed cells, with little to no extracellular matrix between these cells.

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2
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is

A

a network of biological macromolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue covers _____, lines ______, and forms ______

A

surfaces of the body
the body cavities and organs
glands

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4
Q

All epithelia exhibit six common characteristics:

A

Cellularity: minimal ECM between tightly packed cells
Polarity: containing an apical (top/superficial) and basal (bottom/deep) surface
Attachment to basement membrane: a thin layer made of collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. Acts to adhere the epithelia to the underlying connective tissue
Avascularity: epithelial tissues receive blood/nutrients from underlying CT
Extensive innervation: epithelial tissues are enriched with many nerves to detect environmental changes
High regeneration capacity: epithelial tissues often protect against damage, so the cells must be replaced often

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5
Q

four general functions of epithelial tissue

A

Physical protection: protection against dehydration, abrasion, and destruction
Selective permeability: range of permeability to allow for selection of water and ions, either staying in or out
Secretory ability: specialized epithelial cells called glands produce secretions for specific functions
Sensation processing: nerve endings allow for sensations to be felt and processed, such as pain, temperature, touch, and pressure

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6
Q

three layer classifications of epithelia

A

simple
stratified
pseduostratified

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7
Q

simple epithelia is

A

only one true layer of cells

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8
Q

Stratified epithelia is

A

more than one true layer of cells

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9
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia is

A

more than one layer of cell but there is only one true layer, despite how it looks

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10
Q

how to differentiate between stratiified and pseudostratified epithelium?

A

In pseudostratified, cells will
reach the apical membrane but not the basal membrane, giving the stratified appearance.

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11
Q

one true layer of cells means?

A

that the cells begin at the basal membrane.

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12
Q

four shape classification for epithelia

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional

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13
Q

squamous epthelia is

A

flat, wide, and irregular in shape

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14
Q

cubodial epithelia is

A

same height as width, cube-like

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15
Q

columnar epithelia is

A

taller than wide, column-like

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16
Q

transitional epithelia can

A

change shape when stretched

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17
Q

simple squamous epithelium function

A

thin to allow for diffusion and filtration, secretion in serous membrane

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18
Q

simple squamous epithelium location

A

alveoli in lungs, blood vessel lining, serous membranes

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19
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

absorption and secretion

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20
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles, ovarian surface, exocrine gland ducts/secretory regions

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21
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium location

A

bronchioles of lungs, fallopian tubes

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22
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium function

A

secretion of mucin, movement of mucus, movement of oocyte

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23
Q

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium function

A

absorption and secretion

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24
Q

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium location

A

GI tract lining (most)

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25
Q

ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

A

protection, secretion of mucin, movement of mucus

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26
Q

ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

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27
Q

nonciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

A

protection

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28
Q

nonciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

A

parts of male urethra and epididymis

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29
Q

keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium function

A

protection from abrasion

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30
Q

keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium location

A

epidermis of skin

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31
Q

nonkeratinized Stratified squamous epithelium function

A

protection from abrasion

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32
Q

nonkeratinized Stratified squamous epithelium location

A

oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, vaginal lining, anal lining

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33
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium function

A

protection and secretion

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34
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

exocrine gland ducts and ovarian follicles

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35
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium location

A

large salivary gland ducts, conjunctiva of the eye, membranous lining of the urethra

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36
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium function

A

protection and secretion

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37
Q

Transitional epithelium function

A

accommodation of urine volume changes

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38
Q

Transitional epithelium location

A

urinary bladder lining, ureters, urethra

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39
Q

Glands are

A

individual cells or multicellular organs composed mainly of epithelial tissue that secrete substances for either use for or elimination out of the body

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40
Q

five substances glandular secrtetions may contain

A

Mucin (glycoprotein for lubrication)
Ions
Hormones
Enzymes
Urea (a waste product created by nitrogen balance in the body)

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41
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ack ducts and secrete hormones into the blood to be transported throughout the body. These hormones are chemical messengers that influence cell communication.

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42
Q

Exocrine glands originate from

A

invagination of the epithelium that burrows into the underlying connective tissue.

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43
Q

exocrine glands connect with the epithelium by using a

A

duct, a tube lined with epithelial tissue that directs the gland secretions onto the epithelial surface.

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44
Q

Anatomic form classification of exocrine glands

A

simple or compound

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45
Q

simple exocrine glands have

A

unbranched ducts

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46
Q

compound exocrine glands have

A

branched ducts

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47
Q

types of simple exocrine glands

A

Simple tubular
Simple branched tubular
Simple coiled tubular
Simple acinar
Simple branched acinar

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48
Q

types of compound exocrine glands

A

compound tubular
compound acinar
compound tubuloacinar

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49
Q

three methods of secretion of exocrine glands

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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50
Q

merocrine secretions are

A

packaged into secretory vesicles and released by exocytosis

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51
Q

Merocrine examples

A

tear glands, salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas, and gastric glands

52
Q

Apocrine secretory material is

A

produced when the cell’s apical portion is pinched off, releasing cytoplasmic contents. The cell must repair itself to repeat the process.

53
Q

Holocrine cells accumulate

A

the secretory material and then the entire cell disintegrates.

54
Q

Apocrine examples

A

mammary glands, ceruminous glands of the ear (earwax)

55
Q

Holocrine examples

A

sebaceous glands (oil producing glands of the skin)

56
Q

Connective tissue (CT) is

A

the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed tissue in the body.

57
Q

connective tissue functions

A

support, protect, and bind organs

58
Q

six forms of CT

A

Tendons (muscle to bone)
Ligaments (bone to bone)
Adipose (fat tissue)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

59
Q

CT two characteristics that have ranges

A

Vascularity (none to very)
Regenerative capacity (none to fast)

60
Q

ALL CT origin is from

A

mesenchyme, an embryonic connective tissue.

61
Q

resident cells are

A

stationary and permanently housed within the connective tissue.

62
Q

wandering cells

A

move continuously throughout the connective tissue proper and are components of the immune system. They may also help repair damaged ECM.

63
Q

four resident cells of connective tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
macrophages

64
Q

fibroblasts are

A

most abundant cell; flat with tapered ends. Produces fibers & ground substance of ECM.

65
Q

adipocytes are

A

fat cells, found in small clusters in some CT proper types. If found in large clusters, this is adipose tissue.

66
Q

mesenchymal cells are

A

embryonic stem cell of CT. These cell divide when the CT is damaged.

67
Q

macrophages are

A

large, irregularly shaped cell, arise from white blood cells. Responsible for phagocytosis and immune system responses.

68
Q

wandering cells are mainly

A

leukocytes (white blood cells).

69
Q

three main protein fibers found in CT

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

70
Q

collagen fibers are

A

unbranched, cable-like, long fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching. Makes up 25% of the body’s protein.

71
Q

reticular fibers are

A

similar to collagen but much thinner, different form of collagen. Provides a tough but flexible framework.

72
Q

elastic fibers

A

contains elastin, a protein. Creates branching fibers and they appear wavy under a microscope. The elastin allows for the fibers to stretch and return to their original shape.

73
Q

Collagen fibers are found

A

throughout tendons and ligaments

74
Q

Reticular fibers are found

A

in organs: lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

75
Q

Elastic fibers are found

A

abundant in the skin, arteries, and lungs.

76
Q

Mesenchymal CT function

A

origin for all CTs

77
Q

Mesenchymal CT location

A

throughout the body of the embryo and fetus

78
Q

Mucous CT function

A

supports structures in the umbilical cord

79
Q

Mucous CT location

A

umbilical cord of fetus
ONLY

80
Q

mucous CT is also called

A

wharton’s jelly

81
Q

connective tissue proper is

A

a term that covers both loose and dense connective tissues.

82
Q

fluid connective tissue is

A

blood

82
Q

Supportive connective tissue includes

A

bone and cartilage

82
Q

all connective tissue share three components

A

Cells (mesenchymal, macrophage, adipocyte, fibroblast)
Protein fibers (elastic, collagen, or reticular)
Ground substance (gel-like substance made of mostly water and large organic molecules)

83
Q

Areolar CT function

A

protection of tissues and organs, binds skin and epithelia to deeper tissues, provides space for blood vessels and nerves

84
Q

Areolar CT location

A

dermis of skin, subcutaneous layer of skin, surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and blood vessel walls

85
Q

adipose CT function

A

energy storage, insulation, cushion, protection

86
Q

adipose CT location

A

subcutaneous layer, surrounds and covers some organs

87
Q

reticular CT function

A

provides stroma (supportive framework) to lymphatic organs

88
Q

reticular CT location

A

spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

89
Q

Dense regular CT function

A

attaches bone to bone (ligaments), muscle to bone (tendons), resists unidirectional stress

90
Q

Dense regular CT location

A

tendons, ligaments

91
Q

Dense irregular CT function

A

resists stress in all directions

92
Q

Dense irregular CT location

A

reticular layer of dermis, epimysium (SK muscle), epineurium (nerves), periosteum (bone), perichondrium (cartilage), some organ capsules

93
Q

Elastic CT function

A

stretch and recoil

94
Q

Elastic CT location

A

elastic arterial walls, trachea, vocal cords

95
Q

Hyaline Cartilage function

A

support, most of fetal skeleton

96
Q

Hyaline Cartilage location

A

tip of nose, bronchi, larynx, costal cartilage, epiphyseal (growth) plates

97
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

weight bearing cartilage, resists compression, shock absorption

98
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

99
Q

Elastic Cartilage function

A

shape maintenance allowing for extensive flexibility

100
Q

Elastic Cartilage location

A

external ear, epiglottis

101
Q

Bone function

A

body movement levers, support of soft structures, organ protection, calcium and phosphorus storage, blood cell formation (spongy bone in bone marrow)

102
Q

blood function

A

RBCs transport oxygen and CO2, WBCs protect against infection, platelets for blood clotting, plasma transports nutrients and waste

103
Q

blood location

A

blood vessels and heart

104
Q

an organ is

A

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

105
Q

organ example (and why)

A

Stomach

Contains all four tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.

All of these tissue types must work together to perform specific functions:
Secretion of chemical/enzymes for digestion (glands)
Housing of blood vessels, shape, and support (CT)
Contraction and relaxation for mechanical mixing of contents (muscle)
Stimulation and control of muscle contraction and glandular secretions (nervous/nerves)

106
Q

Body membranes are formed from

A

an epithelial layer that is bound to an underlying connective tissue

107
Q

body membrane functions

A

line body cavities or a joint surface, cover the viscera, or cover the external surface of the body

108
Q

four types of body membranes

A

mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial

109
Q

mucous membranes line

A

passageways and compartments that eventually open to the external environment. They perform absorptive, protective, and/or secretory functions.

110
Q

serous membranes line

A

lines body cavities that typically don’t open to the external environment, covers the surface of many organs. Produce serous fluid for lubrication.

111
Q

cutaneous membranes cover

A

covers the external body surface. Composed of keratinized epithelium and protects against abrasion and water loss.

112
Q

synovial membranes are

A

specialized connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid. For friction reduction like serous fluid.

113
Q

mucosa example

A

digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts

114
Q

serous membrane example

A

pericardium of the heart, pleura of the lungs, peritoneum of the abdominal organs

115
Q

cutaneous membrane example

A

skin

116
Q

synovial membrane example

A

joints of the body like the knees

117
Q

hypertrophy

A

is an increase in size of the existing cells in a tissue, but the number of cells remains constant.

muscle cells grow in size when undergoing long-term rigorous exercise regimen.

118
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue.

callus on the palm of the hand

119
Q

Atrophy

A

shrinkage of tissue by a decrease in either class size or cell number.

if a muscle group is unused for a period of time (broken bone with a cast) the muscle cells will begin to shrink.

120
Q

Metaplasia

A

an adaption of the cells to a change in the external environment.

the epithelium of the trachea will convert from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in chronic smokers (and back to normal when they quit)

121
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal tissue development in an area.

cervical dysplasia from HPV, can turn into cancer.

122
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal, out of control, tissue growth.

tumors, either benign or cancerous. Benign growths do not spread and don’t invade other body systems.

123
Q

Necrosis

A

tissue death as a result of inflammatory response to irreversible tissue damage.

Anatomy & Physiology I (16 decks)

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