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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

Bone Structure & Function

1
Q

two forms of bone in the body

A

compact bone and spongy bone.

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2
Q

two main forms of cartilage within the skeletal system

A

hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage.

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3
Q

Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect

A

muscles to bones.

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4
Q

Ligaments are fibrous connective tissues that connects

A

bones to other bones.

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5
Q

Compact bone is also known as

A

dense or cortical bone

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6
Q

Spongy bone is also known

A

cancellous or trabecular bone

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7
Q

compact bone makes up __% of total bone mass

A

80

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8
Q

spongy bone makes up __% of total bone mass

A

20

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9
Q
A

compact bone

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10
Q
A

spongy bone

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11
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found in the skeletal system?

A

costal cartilage
articular cartilage
epiphyseal growth plates

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12
Q

fibrocartilage is found where in the skeletal system?

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
menisci of the knee

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13
Q

four general functions of bone?

A

support/protection
levers for movement
hematopoiesis
mineral/energy storage

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14
Q

four classes of bone

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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15
Q

Long bones are found in

A

the upper and lower limbs

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16
Q

Short bones are found in

A

the wrist and foot.

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16
Q

Irregular bones are found in

A

the vertebrae, hip bones, some bones of the skull.

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16
Q

Flat bones are found in

A

the skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs

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17
Q

Sesamoid bones are found

A

along tendons of some muscles and the kneecap

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18
Q

the diaphysis is

A

the shaft of the long bone

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19
Q

the medullary cavity is

A

the hollow cavity in the diaphysis

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20
Q

in children, the the medullary cavity contains

A

red bone marrow

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21
Q

in adults, the the medullary cavity contains

A

yellow bone marrow

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22
Q

the epiphysis is covered by

A

articular cartilage

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23
Q

the metaphysis is

A

the area where the bone widens from the diaphysis to the epiphysis.

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24
Q

in a growing bone, the metaphysis contains

A

the epiphyseal growth plate

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25
Q

in adults, the epiphyseal growth plate becomes the

A

epiphyseal line

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26
Q

the periosteum is

A

a tough sheath that covers areas of the bone that aren’t covered by articular cartilage

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27
Q

The periosteum is anchored to the bone via

A

perforating fibers

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28
Q

The endosteum is

A

a very thin layer of CT containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. It covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity and assists in bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

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29
Q

Blood vessels enter bones from the

A

periosteum

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30
Q

the nutrient foramen provides space for

A

the single nutrient artery and vein that supplies the bone

31
Q

Red bone marrow function

A

hematopoiesis

32
Q

anemia is

A

condition where red blood cell counts are lower than normal, resulting in decreased oxygenation to cells

33
Q

four cells found in bone

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

34
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells that arise from mesenchyme. When they divide, another stem cell is produced along with an immature osteoblast (committed cell).

35
Q

Osteoblasts

A

formed from osteoprogenitor cells. They are often positioned side-by-side on bone surfaces. Responsible for bone production.

36
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells from osteoblasts that have been enveloped by the calcified osteoid. Responsible for maintaining bone matrix and sensing mechanical stress.

37
Q

Osteoclasts

A

derived from fused bone marrow cells and are located in a depression of the bone surface, the resorption lacuna (Howship’s lacuna). Responsible for bone resorption.

38
Q

The organic component of bone matrix is

A

osteoid

39
Q

the inorganic component of bone matrix is

A

hydroxyapatite, a crystalline structure of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

40
Q

Bone formation begins when

A

osteoblasts secrete osteoid

41
Q

Bone resorption is

A

a process where bone matrix is destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts into the extracellular space adjacent to bone.

42
Q

Bone resorption can occur when

A

blood calcium levels are low.

43
Q

Compact bone is composed of

A

osteons, small, cylindrical structures, also known as Haversian systems.

44
Q

The central canal (Haversian canal)

A

the cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon and runs parallel to it. This houses blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone.

45
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

rings of connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of the osteon. Collagen fibers create an alternating pattern which gives the bone strength and resilience.

46
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces that house osteocytes

47
Q

Canaliculi

A

tiny, interconnecting channels within the bone that extend from each lacuna, through the lamellae, and connect with other lacunae and the central canal. They house the osteocyte cytoplasmic projections that allow for intercellular contact and communication.
Nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes are transported through these extensions, allowing exchange between the osteocytes and vessels within the central canal.

48
Q

Volkmann (perforating) canals

A

resemble central canals but run perpendicular and help connect multiple central canals with different osteons

49
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or immediately external to the endosteum.

50
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

components of bone that are between osteons or parts of resorbed osteons that contain no central canal.

51
Q

trabeculae

A

open lattice structure found within spongy bone

52
Q

The cells of hyaline cartilage

A

chondroblasts
chondrocytes

53
Q

chondroblasts

A

produce cartilage matrix

54
Q

chondrocytes

A

matured chondroblasts that occupy lacunae

55
Q

Intramembranous ossification produces

A

flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and central part of the clavicle.

56
Q

not testing over the steps of intramembranous ossification

A

:D

57
Q

Endochondral ossification produces

A

bones in the skeleton, including upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and ends of the clavicle.

58
Q

not testing over the steps of endchondral ossification

A

:D

59
Q

How could a physician determine whether a person has reached full height by examining x rays?

A

open vs closed epiphyseal growth plates

60
Q

interstitial growth is

A

when a long bone grows in length

61
Q

Appositional growth is when

A

a bone growth in diameter within the periosteum

62
Q

Bone remodeling is dependent on

A

oordination of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.

63
Q

Bone remodeling is a

A

constant, dynamic process by which old bone tissue is removed and replaced with new bone tissue

64
Q

Bone remodeling is influenced by

A

hormones and mechanical stress.

65
Q

Calcitriol is

A

a hormone, specifically an activated form of vitamin D

66
Q

two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium levels

A

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone.

67
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to

A

low blood calcium levels.

68
Q

Calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to

A

high blood calcium levels or stress from exercise

69
Q

PTH increases blood calcium levels by

A

increasing osteoclast activity

70
Q

Calcitonin function

A

inhibit osteoclast activity and stimulate secretion of calcium into the urine.

71
Q

Osteopenia is a condition in which

A

the bones of the skeleton are weak and thin, resulting in insufficient ossification.

72
Q

Osteoporosis

A

is a condition characterized by reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function.

73
Q

Stress fractures are

A

thin breaks caused by increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads (can be seen in long distance runners)

74
Q

Pathological fractures

A

occur in bone that has been weakened by disease.

75
Q

Simple fractures

A

are when the broken bone does not penetrate the skin (closed fracture)

76
Q

Compound fractures

A

are when one or both ends of the broken bone pierce the underlying skin (open fracture)

77
Q

Bone fracture repair process:

A

A fracture hematoma forms. Blood vessels tear when a fracture occurs, causing bleeding. A hematoma forms from the clotted blood.
A fibrocartilaginous callus forms (that is soft). Blood vessels are regenerated and the callus brings the ends of the bone together. This usually lasts three weeks
A hard, bony callus forms. Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts and produce trabeculae of bone. The fibrocartilage callus is replaced with this bone. It continues to grow and thicken for several months.
The bone is remodeled. Osteoclasts remove excess bony material from exterior and interior surfaces. Compact bone replaces primary bone. Sometimes a slight thickening can be detected via x ray but in most cases, there is no obvious bone thickening after repair.

Anatomy & Physiology I (16 decks)

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